The production of disability research in human geography: an introspective examination

The ‘geographies of disability’ is an important and evolving area of scholarship within human geography. Uniting the disparate areas of inquiry in this sub‐discipline are researchers’ shared interests in understanding processes of disablement and socio‐spatial experiences of disability. What drives human geographers to engage with this scholarship? We address this and other introspective questions through presenting an analysis of the findings of an online survey conducted with 30 such disability researchers. The overriding purpose is to understand how and why these researchers do what they do. Our presentation of the survey findings is divided into four organizational categories: (1) the researcher; (2) the inquiry; (3) the research outputs; and (4) the institutions. A key finding is that conducting disability research in human geography is very much about negotiating around or through constraints while identifying and enacting enablers in order to accomplish goals associated with producing disability research.     

城市经济学发展历程研究综述

城市经济学（urban economic）是以城市这一独特的空间组织结构为研究对象的经济学科,与区域经济学（Regional Economics）、新经济地理学（newgeo graphyeconomic;）等学科同属于空间经济学（spatial economy）,与这些学科关系极为密切。在对城市经济学的形成历程、理论渊源、研究对象和与其他学科的关系进行回顾的基础上,最后对城市经济学的未来发展方向进行分析。     

Latino Faces,Corporate Ties: Latino Advocacy Organizations and Their Board Membership

Although they have increased exponentially since the 1960s, social scientists know little about ethnic advocacy organizations. These nonprofits are important bridges between underresourced communities and mainstream funding organizations and their directors are established ethnic leaders. Sociologists study interlocking directorates—or shared board membership—to understand how organizations fit together within broader social networks. Network concepts, particularly the theory of institutional isomorphism, suggest that organizations are likely to be similar to the extent they are connected and operate within a common organizational field. We apply this logic to Latino advocacy organizations to examine the underlying source of cohesion across this ethnic field. We ask whether the organizations are tied by interlocking directorates of ethnic elites who sit on their boards of directors or if board members' common affiliation with other elite institutions creates the structural conditions that facilitate potential ideological or behavioral similarity. A social network analysis of five prominent Latino advocacy organizations reveals support for both hypotheses: Latino board members are both embedded in ethnic‐based networks and entrenched within elite organizational webs. This suggests that ethnic elites who sit on the boards of Latino advocacy organizations are also corporate elites, selected for the social capital they bring to these nonprofits.     

Trust and Estate Planning: The Emergence of a Profession and Its Contribution to Socioeconomic Inequality1

This article offers a new perspective on the connection between socioeconomic inequality and occupations by examining the impact of trust and estate planners on global wealth stratification. While many studies treat the professions as mirrors of inequalities in their environments, this article looks at the ways professionals participate in the creation of stratification regimes. Trust and estate planners do this by sheltering their clients' assets from taxation, thereby preserving private wealth for future generations. Using tools such as trusts, offshore banks, and shell corporations, these professionals keep a significant portion of the world’s private wealth beyond the reach of the state. Trust and estate planning thus contributes to creating and maintaining socioeconomic inequality on a global scale. The significance of the profession has grown as wealth itself has become more fungible, spurring innovation in legal, organizational, and financial strategies, and thwarting a myriad of laws and policies designed to limit enduring inequality in modern, democratic societies.     

Place Brands,Nonbrands, Tags and Queries: The Networks of Urban Activism in the Creative City Istanbul

This article aims for a deeper understanding of an emerging urban-political culture that interweaves digital platforms and urban spaces, institutions and the extra-institutional. It explores political possibilities and limitations of urban activism in the context of ‘creative city’ oriented policy-making in Istanbul, Turkey. My approach highlights the production of agency/disempowerment and solidarity/isolation through socio-technical networks that assemble multifarious issues of concern and care. Activist strategies in Istanbul engaged the productive tension between (1) biopolitical apparatuses introduced with ‘creative city’ governance that extract value from the creative production and cultural participation of citizens and (2) the disregard or devaluation of citizen bodies in socially exclusive processes of urban transformation. The struggle over the impoverished Romani neighbourhood Sulukule, which faced demolition, introduced a mode of urban activism consisting in the appropriation of organizational techniques and regimes of value and visibility of Istanbul's ‘creative city’ governance apparatuses. Repurposing place branding for a technique of networked self-organization and claiming brand value for the deprived neighbourhood, activist practices transfigured the place brand into the anti-brand and nonbrand as well as into tags, queries and addresses operating in digital space. This article analyses Sulukule's struggle – and its connections and disconnections to other struggles – to explore activism's potential to challenge stratifications and inequalities between people and places engendered by ‘creative city’ projects, which themselves are often implicated in exclusive urban transformation processes.     

Stigmatisation of elite actors in corporate scandals: The role of meaning making in the media

Corporate scandals sometimes result in social devaluation and stigma for elite actors. This paper explores the linkage between the meaning-making processes that pertain to corporate scandals in the media and the outcome of stigma in two Swedish cases: the Skandia and ABB scandals. Several discursive strategies are identified that support two meaning-making processes that mediate between corporate acts and the stigmatisation of elite actors: the labelling of the acts as illegitimate and the transformation of the illegitimate act into evidence of some deeply discrediting attributes of elite organisational actors. The paper contributes to the literature on stigmatisation by elaborating on the concept of scandal-induced stigmatisation of elite actors, integrating a more sophisticated understanding of discursive legitimation, and introducing the characteristics of meaning making in the media as a mechanism that links corporate acts to the stigmatisation of elite corporate actors.     

Redirecting the Lives of Urban Black Males:

Midnight Basketball is one example of a new generation of social resource programs which are designed to mend the social fabric of inner city communities. In this paper, we present the results of an evaluation of Milwaukee's Midnight Basketball League, In the Paint at One Two, which indicates that the ''returns'' on the money invested in the program are far greater than the returns on the enormously popular punitive and paternalistic policies and programs currently advocated at all levels of government. During the first year, the Midnight Basketball program (1) reduced crime rates by 30% in the target area, (2) created a safe haven in which participants (and the fans) could engage in positive social activities, (3) channeled the energy of gang members in a positive direction, and (4) significantly improved the educational and career aspirations of program participants. Nearly all of the participants indicate that such leagues should be developed throughout the city of Milwaukee.     

北京市行政区划调整对城市发展的影响及启示

行政区划调整是在城镇化快速推进背景下,为实现区域或城市经济协调发展而采取的一种手段。2010年北京市行政区划调整在资源整合、城市空间拓展和城市效率提高方面具有重要意义,对城市各主体和制度创新带来重大影响,同时也启示未来各地区的行政区划调整,要以区域经济发展作为最根本目标,把握调整的着眼点放到区域资源的整合上,努力实现区域管治的目标。     

Motives of corporate political donations: industry regulation,subjective judgement and the origins of pragmatic and ideological corporations

What motivates corporate political action? Are corporations motivated by their own narrow economic self‐interest; are they committed to pursuing larger class interests; or are corporations instruments for status groups to pursue their own agendas? Sociologists have been divided over this question for much of the last century. This paper introduces a novel case – that of Australia – and an extensive dataset of over 1,500 corporations and 7,500 directors. The paper attempts to understand the motives of corporate political action by examining patterns of corporate political donations. Using statistical modelling, supported by qualitative evidence, the paper argues that, in the Australian case, corporate political action is largely motivated by the narrow economic self‐interest of individual corporations. Firms’ interests are, consistent with regulatory environment theory, defined by the nature of government regulation in their industry: those in highly regulated industries (such as banking) and those dependent on government support (such as defence) tend to adopt a strategy of hedging their political support, and make bipartisan donations (to both major parties). In contrast, firms facing hostile regulation (such as timber or mining), and those without strong dependence on state support (such as small companies) tend to adopt a strategy of conservative partisanship, and make conservative‐only donations. This paper argues that regulatory environment theory needs to be modified to incorporate greater emphasis on the subjective political judgements of corporations facing hostile regulation: a corporation's adoption of conservative partisanship or hedging is not just a product of the objective regulation they face, but also whether corporate leaders judge such regulation as politically inevitable or something that can be resisted. Such a judgement is highly subjective, introducing a dynamic and unpredictable dimension to corporate political action.     

知识城市：中心城市发展与转型的选择

在知识经济的兴起和城市危机发生的宏观背景下,知识城市的发展模式诞生并迅速在世界范围内推广。本文首先介绍知识城市的先进理念,引进知识城市的完整框架,在此基础上,以国外著名的中心城市墨尔本、伦敦、曼彻斯特等为案例介绍其向知识城市转型的成功经验,并结合我国大城市的实际情况和发展阶段,讨论我国大城市转型和可持续发展的道路,并提供相应的对策建议。     

基于管理者视角的区域城市品牌结构研究——以广东为例

同一区域内的城市之间既存在广泛的竞争,也天然要求彼此间的合作发展。城市品牌日益成为城市间竞争的首选工具。城市品牌的发展既需要广泛的营销推广,更需要扎实的品牌基础建设工作。本文从城市管理者的视角出发,以广东省21个地级以上城市为例,构建了城市品牌建设综合水平评价指标体系,进行了区域内不同层级的城市品牌结构分析,并在此基础上提出了促进城市间良好竞合发展格局的城市品牌发展战略对策。     

A comprehensive review of quantitative research on crime,the built environment,land use,and physical geography

This paper provides a comprehensive review of space- and place-based criminology, with a focus on the relationship between crime, the built environment, land use, and/or physical geography, through sociological and critical geography lenses. An historical overview of major criminological and spatial theories and contributors is presented before examining the current state of the field. In honor of critical geography's goal to be “a people's geography,”¹ this paper aims to be an accessible overview of space- and place-based criminological research, especially for readers who are unfamiliar with these topics.     

Augustus Melmotte in Anthony Trollope's The Way We Live Now: characterizing the swindler as an important cultural and organizational figure

ABSTRACT

The current paper revisits Anthony Trollope's Victorian novel, The Way We Live Now, focusing on the main character of Augustus Melmotte. The paper analyzes the novel and its literary figure of a corrupt financier or swindler, drawing out theoretical and pedagogical contributions for organizational and management research. Contributions are framed in terms of imaginative organizational role archetypes embodied in swindler characterizations, swindlers’ institutional work across societal elites, and the dark sides and grey areas associated with swindlers’ organizational and financial misconduct. The rise and fall of Augustus Melmotte in Trollope's Victorian English society thus finds its cultural parallels today in outsiders who challenge financial and political elites and the status quo, at high personal risk to themselves and others complicit in their schemes. The conclusions concern the importance of recognizing dynamic figures that seize immense power over organizational, financial and political cultures.     

我国智慧城市建设的现状和类型比较研究

我国迅速发展的城市面临着人口的迅速增加,资源和环境的急剧恶化,经济发展的转型和城市运行、管理、服务的滞后,为城市发展带来了巨大的挑战。自从2010年以来,我国许多城市相继制订了智慧城市建设方案,为城市可持续、稳定的发展探索新的发展理念和模式。本文通过理清智慧城市建设思想的起源与特征,阐述了智慧城市建设的技术基础及其应用,比较了我国28个智慧城市建设起步阶段的成效,提出了我国智慧城市建设目前需要解决的关键问题以及未来发展的目标和方向。     

纽约增强城市辐射力研究——兼论对广州的启示

研究中心城市的辐射作用具有十分重要的借鉴意义。本文回顾了城市辐射的基础理论,探讨了城市辐射的机理。并以纽约为研究对象,从辐射源、辐射方式、辐射影响因素及辐射效果等方面,对纽约的城市辐射力进行了详尽的研究。最后,借鉴纽约的经验,提出了增强广州辐射力的政策建议。     

公共艺术在城市景观中的作用——公共雕塑在城市印象符号形成中的连接关系

"让城市美丽起来"是当前中国城市发展的一个热门课题。每个城市都应有自己的性格,由于城市的自然条件、经济、人文条件不同,呈现的风貌也不同,世界上没有两个完全一样的城市。城市之美,离不开大中小三种景观。小景观是"城市的表情",是连接城市中的大景观和中景观的介质。城市公共艺术雕塑是小景观中十分重要的内容,它的设计应根据城市的文化特征和周边空间环境来综合考虑,而不是简单的桌面艺术,这样才能为城市之美注入活力。     

城市发展转型的缘起、内涵与态势

文章分析了传统城市发展模式带来的弊端与面临的挑战,阐述了中国城市发展转型的基本内涵,即发展理念、产业结构、增长方式、发展动力、体制机制五大转型的有机统一,总结了21世纪以来我国城市发展转型的总体特点与态势,并据此提出了加快推动我国城市发展转型的对策建议。     

The Politics of Regional Inequality in Ghana: State Elites,Donors and PRSPs

Through an analysis of Ghana's HIPC Fund which was established as part of the PRSP process, this article shows how aid‐financed efforts to reduce regional inequality in Ghana have failed. Dominant political elites agreed to policies reducing regional inequality in order to have access to aid funding but, once approved, these funds were allocated on quite different criteria in ways that marginalised the poorest. This analysis reinforces the growing recognition that developmental outcomes in most poor countries are shaped not so much by the design of ‘good’ policies per se, but more importantly by the power relationships within which policy‐implementing institutions are embedded. Aid donors seem unable to grasp this important lesson fully, and so their capacity to contribute to reducing regional inequality remains limited.     

我国旧城更新改造相关称谓背后的观念转变探析

我国旧城更新改造的相关称谓从最初的“旧城改建”到最近的“三旧”改造,其间出现的多元变化反映了称谓背后的旧城更新改造观念转变。本文从我国旧城的更新改造背景了解、相关称谓区分解释、观念转变剖析以及观念转变意义总结这几方面加以探讨,指出虽然旧城更新改造观念在从总体来看取得了进步,但相关称谓的研究改进仍不容忽视,而称谓背后的正确观念树立更需继续加强。     

Continuing complexity: The university careers of a scientific elite in relation to their class origins and schooling

We report on continuing research on the UK scientific elite, intended to illustrate a proposed new approach to elite studies and based on a prosopography of Fellows of the Royal Society born from 1900. We extend analyses previously reported of Fellows' social origins and secondary schooling to take in their university careers as under- and postgraduates. The composite term ‘Oxbridge’, as often applied in elite studies, is called into question, as members of the scientific elite prove to have been recruited more from Cambridge than from Oxford. Particular interest then attaches to the relation between Fellows' social origins and schooling and their attendance at Cambridge. Among Fellows whose university careers were made at Cambridge, those of more advantaged class origins and those with private schooling are over-represented, although in this, as in various other respects, including Fellows' field of study, family influences persist independently of schooling. One suggestive interaction effect exists in that being privately educated increases the probability of having been at Cambridge more for Fellows from managerial than from professional families. Private schooling leading on to both undergraduate and postgraduate study at Cambridge can be identified as the educational ‘royal road’ into the scientific elite; and Fellows coming from higher professional and managerial families alike have the highest probability of having entered the elite in this way. But the most common route turns out in fact to be via state schooling and attendance at universities outside of ‘the golden triangle’ of Cambridge, Oxford and London; and this route is far more likely to have been followed by Fellows of all other class origins than higher professional. The relation between the degree of social skew in the recruitment of an elite and the degree of social homogeneity among its members can be more complex than has often been supposed.