“领导替代代”现象与领导服务力提升

<正>现代领导力理论研究表明,领导力和领导艺术包括领导决策力与领导决断艺术、领导凝聚力与领导激励艺术、领导执行力与领导协调艺术、领导服务力与领导用权艺术、领导形象魅力与言语表达艺术、领导媒体沟通力与危机应对艺术、领导创新力与推动改革艺术等方面。邓小平同志提出"领导就是服务"论断,说明领导的本质就是服务,领导干部的角色就是人民群众的公仆。因此,把领导和管理融入服务之中就是最管用的领导艺术。     

论领导与管理的差异

区分领导与管理的差异不仅对领导学的学科发展具有重要意义,更是领导行为在实际工作中得以发挥的基本前提。本文认为领导与管理的差异主要有五个方面：第一,领导与管理的对象不同。第二,领导与管理的作用方式不同。第三,领导与管理的作用范围不同。第四,领导能力与管理能力的习得途径不同。第五,领导效果与管理效果的评估不同。     

心理学在领导者行为中的应用

领导理论经过领导特质理论、领导行为理论、领导权变理论、新领导理论,现在发展到更新的领导理论,心理学作为研究心理现象的科学与领导理论也有着千丝万缕的联系,本论文针对领导理论、领导理论与心理学的发展、心理学与有效领导这三个方面进行探讨。以达到人们用新的观点看待领导理论及指引领导职能更好的发挥。     

领导技术对女性干部领导权威的建构性悖论及其纾解

领导技术与领导权威密不可分,运用领导技术建构良性的权威—服从关系是女性干部实现有效领导的前提与基础。然而,在领导实践过程中,领导技术的广泛应用却建构了女性干部领导权威的三重悖论:领导权威的生产性悖论、领导权威的条件性悖论、领导权威的角色性悖论。悖论逻辑生成的原因在于领导技术对下属与女性干部权力地位梯度性的遮蔽、组织系统领导逻辑的异质性和多元性与领导技术的实践差异性、女性性格特质的二重性与社会性别刻板偏见。纾解悖论的有效策略是:进行技术祛蔽,构建下属与女性干部平等的对话空间;推动下属与女性干部行为意义双向互构,实现领导权威意义自洽;矫正自我性格认知观念和社会对女性干部性别认知偏差,促进女性干部角色平衡。     

社会转型期中国领导传播的挑战与创新

领导与传播相伴而生,传播模式和领导方式密切相关。由于受文化传统和历史上形成的习惯性领导思维和领导方式的影响,中国的领导传播表现出明显的自上而下的单向性、领导决策内部循环的封闭性和主要领导者集权的特性。这种领导方式与传播模式在社会急剧转型、社会公众主体意识不断上升的形势下面临挑战。本文从领导与传播入手,介绍我国传统领导与传播模式     

领导情绪传染的原因及其影响

在领导与部属的互动过程中,部属会有意或无意地注意、模仿和同步领导的情绪,导致其被领导的情绪传染。领导情绪显著性、情绪传染易感性、领导行为风格、领导与部属间的人际吸引、领导与部属间的个体差异是影响领导情绪传染的主要因素。领导对部属的情绪传染会对部属、领导以及团队带来各种潜在影响,因此必须了解和掌握与情绪相关的心理学知识,学会运用积极情绪力量来管理部属和团队。     

仆从领导与员工创新行为关系研究

近年来,国内外对领导风格与员工创新行为关系的研究层出不穷,主要集中在变革型领导、交易型领导、伦理型领导、包容型领导、涌现型领导、真实型领导与员工创新行为的关系等方面.这些研究普遍认为领导者通过职位与权力来影响员工的创新态度与行为,忽视了领导者通过关注员工内在价值对员工创新行为的影响.自格林里夫等人提出仆从领导概念以来,国内外学者对仆从领导理论的概念、特征等进行了大量研究,但关于仆从领导与员工创新行为之间关系的研究一直少见,尤其运用实证探讨仆从领导对员工创新行为的作用机理更是罕见.     

阴阳观视角下“恩威并施型”领导与员工创新的非线性关系研究

现阶段关于领导风格与员工创新的研究缺乏阴阳平衡思维,仅考察一种领导风格与员工创新之间的关系,具有局限性。研究发现,包容型领导与员工创新呈现"倒U形"非线性关系,辱虐型领导与员工创新呈现"折线形"非线性关系。单一的领导风格是不能够实现员工创新绩效最大化的。因此,阴阳学说认为,领导者很可能会展现出多种领导风格。领导者兼具包容与辱虐两种风格时就属于"恩威并施型"领导,但只有当包容与辱虐两种领导风格都呈现适度水平时,"恩威并施型"领导才能够最大限度地提升员工创新绩效,"恩威并施型"领导与员工创新依然呈非线性关系。基于此,领导者要积极转变领导风格,提升驾驭能力,发挥领导风格之间的"相乘效应",以便更好地促进员工绩效提升。     

履新领导特质与领导智慧互动下的领导效能提升研究

履新领导效能应该得到进一步提升,而履新领导特质与领导智慧相互影响和作用能够提升领导效能。以权变式领导效能理论为依据,通过对履新领导特质和履新领导智慧进行要素解构,分析特质与智慧两者之间有效互动的关系,并从互动关系的分析中提出履新领导效能提升的对策建议,以期对履新领导实施有效领导行为建言献策。     

基于权变理论的领导风格分析——以联想为例

权变领导理论研究了与领导行为有关的情境因素对领导有效性的影响,该理论认为没有一种万能的、完全有效的领导方式,只有当领导风格与情境相匹配时,领导才有效。本文以联想集团两代领导者为例对该理论进行了分析与阐述。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.