法社会学视阈下的前科消灭制度研究——以《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》为例

从法社会学的标签理论和人权理论出发来审视,前科消灭制度具有当然的合法性基础,应该在刑法立法中予以体现。《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》中的前科消灭制度体现了人道主义原则,对前科消灭作了详细而明确的规定,这对中国的相关立法具有一定的借鉴意义。中国应该改革当前的刑事法律思想,选择前科应当消灭、但是不能全部消灭的前科消灭制度的立法路径。     

试论我国确立前科消灭制度

我国确立前科消灭制度具有必要性,是落实科学发展观、推进和谐社会建设、尊重和保障人权、贯彻宽严相济刑事政策、刑法走向现代化和回应司法实践呼唤的需要.与此同时,因前科消灭的意旨与我国传统文化观念存在相容性,以及我国政治、经济形势发生了很大变化并且确立前科消灭制度的条件已趋成熟,使得我国刑事立法中确立前科消灭制度也具有了现实可行性.前科消灭制度在我国的确立会面临规范冲突、制度配合和观念改变等三个方面的主要难题,可以从法律规范的调适、人道和宽容文化理念的培育、相关制度的配合以发挥整体联动的合力等方面寻求解决对策.     

中俄环境影响评价制度比较评析

中国和俄罗斯联邦都建立了环境影响评价制度 ,但由于两国政治、经济、文化和法律等各方面的不同 ,导致环境影响评价制度在诸多方面存在着差异。对中俄两国环境影响评价制度进行分析 ,可以寻找出两国环境影响评价制度的差异 ,取长补短 ,完善中国环境法律制度。     

中俄高等师范教育之比较

当前科技突飞猛进,国际竞争日趋激烈,以人力资源竞争为根本的教育竞争对教师教育提出了严峻的挑战.中俄教师教育都取得了有目共睹的发展和成就,尤其是高等师范教育.因此,对比研究中俄高师教育现状、存在的问题和发展趋势,不仅是及时必要的,而且有很大的可比性、互补性、借鉴性,对两国高师教育的改革和发展具有积极的现实意义.     

俄联邦外资立法与中俄自由贸易关系

开放国内市场的需要和国际贸易利益分配不平衡之间的矛盾,是俄罗斯联邦<外国投资法>着力解决的主要矛盾.其立法特点是:确立国家指导--市场主导的调控方式;调控手段多层次;调控工具多元化;调控政策采用多重标准.随着社会制度的变迁,俄联邦逐步建立健全对外资的宏观调控立法,其影响重大.由于自由贸易的主张没有成为决策层的主流观念、两国对海外直接投资的政策差异、不平衡和排他性阻碍两国自由贸易的进一步深化等诸多原因,阻碍中俄自由贸易关系的确立.针对俄罗斯国内立法的现状,我国对俄投资的开展应当及时调整:制定稳定、灵活的对俄投资政策;在不影响双方投资贸易的实质内容时,尽量使双方所依据的法律、规章、制度等公开和透明.     

科索沃地区刑法典之渊源及其内容

科索沃地区刑法典系由联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团所制定。该法典一方面承袭了前南斯拉夫及塞尔维亚刑法典的基本特征,另一方面也体现出联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团主观意志及阿尔巴尼亚民族的某些特有色彩,是一部具有临时过渡性而又特色鲜明的现代刑法典。该法典分为总则和分则两大部分。总则是关于刑事犯罪和刑事责任、刑罚、司法警告、强制治疗措施、刑罚执行等一般原理原则的规范体系。分则是关于具体犯罪和具体法定刑的法律规范体系,对各类、各种具体犯罪定罪量刑的标准做出了具体规定。经比较研究,为我国刑事立法提供有益的思路及方法。     

论中国建立未成年人前科消灭制度

建立未成年人前科消灭制度是现代刑事政策的需要,有助于保障未成年人人权,是未成年人权利发展的需要,也是国际司法发展潮流。本文在分析中国未成年人前科消灭制度现状的基础上,试图提出一些符合国情的制度设想。     

论建构我国未成年人前科消灭制度

正确理解前科消灭制度的内涵,了解域外前科消灭制度的状况,是建构我国未成年人前科消灭制度的必要前提。我国刑事法律没有前科消灭制度之规定,但从保护和关怀未成年人成长的角度看,建构我国未成年人前科消灭制度非常必要,它有利于贯彻对失足未成年人的教育、感化和挽救的社会矫治政策,保护未成年犯罪人的合法权益,促使他们及早复归社会,符合国际社会未成年人司法的发展趋势;同时,建构我国未成年人前科消灭制度,具有法律依据、主体属性依据和刑事司法政策依据。建构我国未成年人前科消灭制度,必须完善刑事立法,明确和规范前科消灭的条件与程序,加强社区矫正制度建设。     

克罗地亚刑法典之亲欧盟化及其缘由

制定于1998年的克罗地亚刑法典,是克罗地亚独立以来的第二部刑法典。自独立伊始,克罗地亚一直强调其历史、文化和地理方面与欧盟的亲近性,而加入欧盟则是克罗地亚坚定不移的既定国策。与欧盟法律制度接轨,是欧盟为其候选国所确定的入盟前提条件,为此,克罗地亚在国内开展了大规模的修律运动,而依照欧盟限定之模式革新刑法,便成为克罗地亚共和国入盟战略的重要内容。因而,在1998年克罗地亚刑法典中出现了诸如遵守申根国家之生效裁决从而强化欧洲刑事一体化精神、保护欧盟财政利益、尊重监察专员制度等具有强烈的亲欧盟化色彩的法律规范,从而体现出克罗地亚主动吸纳欧盟国家法律文化精粹的精神旨趣。     

行政计划制度之比较

西方国家如法国、德国、美国、日本等国分别在其行政程序法中就行政计划作了明确规定,主要规范了行政计划的内容,行政计划的制定、确定、裁定、变更、监督程序,行政计划的救济途经。借鉴西方国家经验,对完善我国立法和建立、健全行政计划制度具有重要意义。     

Examining the Effect of Correctional Programming on Perceptions of Likelihood of Recidivism Among Incarcerated Prisoners

ABSTRACT

For many years, policymakers and criminal justice scholars have debated the impact of correctional programming on recidivism. This debate is currently unresolved. Using data from 1,234 currently incarcerated inmates in a mid-Southern state, this study examines whether inmates who participate in correctional programming while incarcerated are less likely to feel that they will recidivate upon release from prison. The findings from this research suggest that program participation while in prison has little impact on the inmates’ perceived recidivism, although important programming effects may still occur. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

实然的规定与应然的选择--对现行刑法第五条通说的质疑

刑事古典学派主张罪刑相适应原则,近代学派主张刑罚个别化原则,学界将近代学派之观点归入罪刑相适应原则的根据是不足的。从实然层面看,我国现行刑法第5条之规定依然采取视罪行轻重置配刑罚的模式,并非像有些学者理解的那样包涵有刑罚个别化的内容。从应然层面看,刑罚轻重的置配既要罪刑相应,也要兼顾刑罚个别化的要求,但作为刑法基本原则应该以仅反映罪刑关系最基本的内容即罪刑相适应为宜。     

罪责刑相适应原则的理论构建

罪责刑相适应原则不是简单的罪刑均衡 ,而是以刑事责任概念为纽带 ,把罪刑相适应原则和刑罚个别化原则有机结合起来。其中 ,刑罚的轻重与犯罪人所犯“罪行”相适应 ,肯定了罪刑相适应原则的基本内容 ;刑罚轻重与犯罪人所承担的“刑事责任”相适应 ,吸收了刑罚个别化原则的合理成分。罪责刑相适应原则使刑罚的适用既注重犯罪行为又兼顾犯罪人。犯罪行为、犯罪人和刑罚之间的关系表现为 :犯罪行为决定一个与其危害程度相适应的公正的刑罚幅度 ,犯罪人的人身危险性大小在此幅度内调节刑罚的轻重。     

Does vegetation matter for the criminal behavior among people with serious mental illness?

This study attempts to examine the effect of vegetation on arrests of offenders with and without serious mental illness (SMI). Data from the MacArthur mental health court study were analyzed. Objective arrest data were obtained 12–18 months pre‐ and post‐court involvement between 2005 and 2007. Vegetation data were captured by the normalized difference vegetation index, which can be regarded as a general measure of “vegetation” and linked with GeoID, obtained from the American Community Survey. We analyzed data of sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, gender), crime‐related factors (e.g., age of first arrest), and vegetation in related to the crime on 652 offenders with mental illness. Multilevel negative binomial regression revealed no significant effect of vegetation on arrests among offenders without SMI; however, for those with SMI, a significant variation in vegetation on arrests was found among all study models. Our findings suggest that vegetation is significantly associated with arrests, with a positive effect on reducing the recidivism only among offenders with SMI. Given that practice and policy almost exclusively focus on individual factors of crimes, it is important to have more considerations about how neighborhood factors affect criminal behavior, depending on SMI in order to have more comprehensive methods of crime prevention.     

Further Evidence of Racial Disparities in Drug Court Outcomes: Enhancing Service-Delivery to Reduce Criminal Recidivism Rates for Non-White Participants

Abstract

The first drug court began in 1989, and since their inception, they have expanded to over 3,000 in the United States and United States territories. The long-term goal of drug courts is to reduce criminal recidivism rates for nonviolent offenders who have substance use disorders. This study adds to the literature by using secondary data to compare criminal recidivism rates between drug court participants (n?=?163) and probationers who had diagnosed substance use disorders and arrests that were eligible for drug court but they did probation instead (n?=?185). Criminal recidivism was measured up to 36?months post drug court/probation discharge, which provides a more accurate assessment of the long-term effectiveness of drug court. Furthermore, this study identified which drug court participants were most likely to recidivate. Drug court participants were less likely to recidivate than the probation group. However, differences between the two groups may have contributed to the difference in criminal recidivism rates and also suggest that screening criteria may exclude some non-White participants from drug court. Non-white participants were more likely to recidivate than their White counterparts. Implications for future research and drug court practice are discussed, focusing on enhancing the service-delivery of education and employment opportunities to non-White drug court participants.     

军事视野下秦法治思想解读

战争对秦国家法治模式的形成有着重要影响。秦的国家法度是在兵刑合一的基础上,通过定分明法来完成的,并在以法谋利中主张安全的价值追求。     

俄罗斯20世纪90年代法学思潮述评

俄罗斯 90年代的法学思潮 ,集中表现在对法的理解上 ,伴随着前苏联改革及其解体后俄罗斯的社会转型展开和演进。总体上说 ,俄罗斯法学界在对待法的问题上 ,主要有三种思潮 :自然法 (道德 )的、社会学的和规范主义的。前期注重法的内容 ,忽视法的形式 ,夸大国家权力的消极方面 ,强调法与法律的区别 ;通过法与国家关系的探讨和实践总结 ,后期兼顾法的内容与形式 ,正视国家作用的观点成为主流。文章拟从 90年代前期和后期俄罗斯法学研究的不同侧重来揭示这一时期的法学思潮。     

我国刑事立法领域的若干重大现实问题探讨

刑事立法是刑事法治的基础和起点.刑事法治的发展进步离不开刑事立法的科学化、民主化与现代化.审视当前我国刑事立法领域,有以下重大现实问题值得特别关注:一是犯罪化与非犯罪化问题:二是未成年人犯罪的刑事责任问题;三是单位犯罪问题;四是刑罚体系的调整与完善问题;五是社区矫正问题;六是国际公约在刑事法领域的贯彻问题.     

Improving Graduation Rates in Drug Court Through Employment and Schooling Opportunities and Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)

ABSTRACT

Drug courts have been a key part of the criminal justice system since 1989, and this study contributes to the existing body of research by identifying which participants (n = 248) were most likely to graduate from a drug court in Indiana (United States). Three variables emerged as significant predictors of graduation. First, participants who were employed or were students at the time of admission were nearly 2.5 times more likely to graduate than participants who were not. Second, participants who were using opiates as their primary drug of choice were over 80% less likely to graduate than participants who were using non-opiates as their primary drug of choice. Third, participants who had violations in the first 30 days of the program were nearly 50% less likely to graduate than participants who did not violate in the first 30 days. Offering medication-assisted treatment (MAT), such as methadone, Suboxone, or Vivitrol, to participants who have an opiate use disorder may improve graduation rates for this population. Additionally, graduation rates may also improve by offering more resources to assist participants in gaining and maintaining employment or schooling, and this seems to be especially important within the first month of the program.     

论我国刑法司法解释的不足与完善

刑法司法解释在弥补我国刑法立法的不足、保持刑法的稳定、克服刑法规范的抽象性等方面发挥了巨大的作用。但我国现行的刑法司法解释违背罪刑法定原则,立法化、抽象化的现象十分严重。同时,刑法司法解释之间、刑法司法解释与我国刑法理论的通说之间存在着明显的冲突。部分刑法司法解释的方法也存在严重的不足。因此,司法机关对刑法进行司法解释必须遵循罪刑法定原则、合理性原则、明确性原则。