Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

A note on the relationship of interdependent action to the optimality of certain voting decisions

While the theory of public goods points to socially suboptimal contributions by agents acting under Cournot assumptions, this externality can be rectified by the introduction of positive interdependence of actions to the individual's choice calculus. This paper draws attention to the fact that the institution of democratic voting is itself a means of transforming the individual calculus in such a way that parameter changes are evaluated as simultaneous adjustments by the group, on the side of benefits, but by the individual only, on the side of costs, thus generating optimal parameter preference in the case of identical agents.     

Financial asymmetries between Euro area and the United States: An international political economy perspective

This paper assesses financial asymmetries between the Euro area and the United States using a financial accelerator framework. We estimate a GVAR model from 1995Q1 to 2016Q4 and find (i) that American financial shocks have a global influence whereas those of the Euro area are regional and (ii) that American financial shocks have larger effects in size than those of the Euro area. We develop an International Political Economy framework based on the concept of asymmetrical interdependence to point out policy suggestions whose main objective is to increase the autonomy of the Euro area.     

试论权力的实质、渊源和特性

权力是人类社会生存和发展不可或缺的力量.要准确地界定权力,必须认识和把握权力的实质、根本特性,把握权力关系中利益的表现形式.权力产生于人类社会生存和生产的需要、不对称的相互依赖、合群和恐惧等心理动机.它具有相互依赖性、运行性、强制性、工具性、扩张性、侵犯性、资格性、不对称性等特性.     

Relative Importance of Contact Conditions in Explaining Prejudice Reduction in a Classroom Context: Separate and Equal?

Research on contact theory has typically presented four major situational conditions of intergroup contact as separate and equally important in creating an environment that leads to lower levels of racial/ethnic prejudice. We empirically test this "separate and equal" assumption with a variety of student samples and outcome variables. Using data from three cohorts of high school students, as well as one middle school sample, we demonstrate that acquaintance potential and interdependence are the most consistent and robust predictors of prejudice reduction, outgroup orientation, and perceptions of a common ingroup identity. Findings concerning differences in the relative importance of these situational conditions for different racial/ethnic groups are also reported. Implications for implementing optimal contact conditions for prejudice reduction among various ethnic groups are drawn.     

The Interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian National Identities: The Role of the Other in Existential Conflicts

The interactions between identity groups engaged in a protracted conflict lack the conditions postulated by Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice (1954) as necessary if contact is to reduce intergroup prejudice. The article examines the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from this perspective. After summarizing the history of the conflict, it proposes that a long-term resolution of the conflict requires development of a transcendent identity for the two peoples that does not threaten the particularistic identity of each. The nature of the conflict, however, impedes the development of a transcendent identity by creating a state of negative interdependence between the two identities such that asserting one group's identity requires negating the identity of the other. The resulting threat to each group's identity is further exacerbated by the fact that each side perceives the other as a source of some of its own negative identity elements, especially a view of the self as victim and as victimizer. The article concludes with a discussion of ways of over-coming the negative interdependence of the two identities by drawing on some of the positive elements in the relationship, most notably the positive interdependence between the two groups that exists in reality. Problem-solving workshops represent one setting for equal-status interactions that provide the parties the opportunity to "negotiate" their identities and to find ways of accommodating the identity of the other in their own identity.     

Not-so-distant cousins: Family benefits in the United Kingdom and Australia

Abstract   Recent trends in tax transfers have seen an increasing interdependence of tax and welfare systems in determining access to and the quantum of benefits, particularly in relation to in-work benefits, such as family support. Both the United Kingdom and Australia have adopted family support mechanisms that appear to operate in a similar way, but closer examination of the detail reflects the differences in underlying policy in the two jurisdictions. This article examines, first, the institutional and policy basis for the design of the family tax transfer system in each jurisdiction and, second, the issues raised by the interdependence of tax and social security concepts in the design of in-work benefits.     

Testing mobilization views of the relationship between international interdependence and political conflict in developing countries

This research examines mobilization conceptions of how international interdependence affects political conflict in developing societies. Two views are investigated. The factoral approach treats conflict as a product of the abundance or scarcity of specific factors of production, while the sectoral approach regards the competitiveness and export performance of a nation’s industries as the key to conflict. A sector’s size and strength also are viewed as important variables. A cross-national design is used to determine how a nation’s levels of manufacturing imports and direct foreign investments interact with factoral and sectoral variables to affect political conflict. The results suggest a consistent positive association between protest and the interaction between labor abundance and interdependence. Capital abundance was unrelated to conflict, and competitiveness, export performance, sectoral size, and sectoral strength all were positively related to protest.     

Public perceptions and preferences concerning Pacific salmon recovery: an Oregon “voluntary and grassroots” perspective

This research examines mobilization conceptions of how international interdependence affects political conflict in developing societies. Two views are investigated. The factoral approach treats conflict as a product of the abundance or scarcity of specific factors of production, while the sectoral approach regards the competitiveness and export performance of a nation’s industries as the key to conflict. A sector’s size and strength are also viewed as important variables. A cross-national design is used to determine how a nation’s levels of manufacturing imports and direct foreign investments interact with factoral and sectoral variables to affect political conflict. The results suggest a consistent positive association between protest and the interaction between labor abundance and interdependence. Capital abundance was unrelated to conflict, and competitiveness, export performance, sectoral size, and sectoral strength all were positively related to protest.     

现代社会保障的关怀伦理基础

作为一项具有利他倾向的社会保障事业,在当代遇到了个人自主、个人权利与冷淡的正义等价值观念的挑战.关怀伦理指出人类相互依赖性的本质关系,消解了自主与依赖性的二分,确立了人们相互之间以及政府对国民的关怀责任;同时,进一步分析平等和相互依恋这两种共存的道德关系,强调正义与关怀是两种互补的伦理方法,提供了现代社会保障领域内善与正义统一的一种思路.     

《老人与海》的生态批评解读

在《老人与海》中,人与自然、人与人之间的危机来源于人类自身的自负和悲剧思维,人与自然、人与人之间存在着一种相互关爱、相互依存的关系。正是这种关系,才能实现人类与大自然的"诗意栖居"。     

论台湾问题的症结与前景

文章指出:台湾问题的主要症结仍在于美国强权,两岸的社情民意越来越直接影响台海局势走向,台海局势的走向归根结底是两岸的经济关系决定的。目前两岸在经济上正在形成互补共存的关系,连宋大陆行之后,台湾社会和观念的变化加快,经济关系决定社会关系,决定观念,台独是最愚蠢的、必然碰壁的选择。     

The Theory and Practice of Welfare Partnerships: The Case of the Cultural Sector

Partnership working in the welfare state has moved from the margins to the mainstream in terms of achieving policy objectives. Drawing on interdisciplinary theoretical and empirical developments in the field, this article presents a framework for analyzing welfare partnerships that give precedence to the issues of trust and interdependence. This article presents findings from a study of local authority museum services in Scotland, England and Wales to test this framework. A series of case studies revealed that partnerships have been driven by a number of factors including policy, power, funding and people. Partnerships could gain services credibility, but trust and interdependence were compromised by conflictual and unequal relationships. Partnerships were often short term, lacked ongoing maintenance plans and limited by their type of funding. The article proposes that further analysis of the level of individual agency at ground level be considered when thinking about partnerships in the cultural sector.     

Attitude towards career progression in Spanish dual-earner couples: A dyadic approach

This study addresses the relevance of gender roles and perceived gender discrimination against women in attitude towards career progression in heterosexual dual-earner couples. One hundred and thirty-nine wives and their husbands completed the questionnaires independently. From a dyadic data analysis, using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), we examined the actor and partner effect. The following findings were made: (a) an actor and partner effect of gender roles in husbands, (b) an actor effect of perceived gender discrimination in wives, and (c) an interaction effect between partner gender roles by actor professional status in wives. Overall, results showed that gender roles and perceived gender discrimination are useful factors in understanding couples’ interdependence in their attitudes towards career progression. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of traditional gender roles in perpetuating inequality between men and women and the relevance of perceived gender discrimination against women in attitude towards career progression.     

应对人口老龄化——对“接力”模式和“反哺”模式的再思考

在养老方式研究领域流行着这样一种观点:我国养老方式为双向的“反哺”模式,西方为单向的“接力”模式。笔者通过对最新的国内外文献研究发现,由于现实条件发生了重大改变,以上的有关国内外养老方式的划分方法已经不能准确地概括现实情况。从代际关系角度看,中西方养老方式没有本质的区别,用“相互依存模式”代替“反哺”和“接力”更能准确地反映养老方式的实质。     

MUTUALITY,MEAD & MCCLURE: MORE ‘BIG M'S’ FOR THE UNEMPLOYED?

Mutual obligation recognises the interdependence of individuals, communities and broader social groupings. All members of society — government, business, community organisations, families and individuals — have obligations to each other (McClure Report, 2000a: 51).     

The multi‐professional approach: front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions

Sousa L, Costa T. The multi‐professional approach: front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 444–454 © 2009 The Author, Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. Given the complexity of social problems, the multi‐professional approach has been generally adopted in the Western world as a desirable work practice. This study aimed at identifying front‐line professionals' behaviours and interactions that significantly influenced (positively or negatively) multi‐professional processes and outcomes. The study was conducted using the critical incidents technique administered to 117 front‐line professionals involved in multi‐professional approaches from different agencies and areas of expertise. The main findings suggest that the multi‐professional approach among front‐line professionals is facilitated by the professionals' commitment and complementarity and inhibited by the absence of complementarity, professionals being aggressive and insensitive to other professionals, and incompetence. The multi‐professional approach emerges as a context in which it is necessary to articulate professionals' personal and professional similarities and differences. The results suggest that professionals need to develop new competencies, particularly interdependence, flexibility and reflection on the process and outcomes of the multi‐professional approach.     

高等教育的新基石

信息技术加速了国际间的相互依存,改变了人们的生活方式和思维方式,也改变了教师的教学方式和学生的学习方式。知识的建构内容、途径和过程须要重新定义。高等教育必须开拓新的方法以适应新的现实需求。该文旨在探讨知识的建构及其内容、途径和过程的新概念,并为管理人员、教师与学生提供了如何探索改革高等教育的新策略     

Cooperation between politicians and econometricians and the search for optimal economic policy

The problem of formalizing the cooperation between politicians and econometricians as an iterative—or trial and error—process, such that the weights in a preference function can be obtained in a finite number of steps, is considered. The approach is based on the pioneering suggestions made by Tinbergen and Frisch within the framework of a formal theory of economic policy. Using the implicit information given by a possible and implementable dialogue between a policy maker and a model builder it is shown that it is possible to take into account explicitly the interdependence between targets, instruments, and weights.     

政经合一与中国周边外交的拓展

新世纪中国周边外交的拓展有赖于平衡安全合作与经济增长两个方面。本文首先梳理了周边外交在整个中国国际战略和外交格局中的地位,进而分别以中国亚洲贸易格局调整与企业“走出去”战略为例,论述了贸易、投资如何与安全合作、地区合作相互促进,拓展了中国的周边外交。中国～东盟自由贸易区和上海合作组织的制度建设快速增进了东南亚、中亚与中国的投资贸易关系,而投资贸易关系的深化又促进了中国的周边外交。中国与周边国家的关系进入了一个日渐均衡的相互依赖阶段。