论谜题电影的多视角特征

"谜题电影"是一种跨类型电影,其"谜面/谜底"式"编码/解码"机制贯穿导演、电影文本和观众三个层次:导演在制作电影时具有自觉意识,将电影作为一个携带"谜面/谜底"的特殊文本进行"编码",误导观众远离事件真相;电影文本中事件的逻辑因果紊乱,文本自身犹如一个放大的谜语,蕴涵"谜面/谜底"双重结构,等待被"解谜";观众反复观看电影,通过其心智的"解码"行为,主动参与到文本重构中,逐渐完成"电影拼图"揭示"谜底"。华语谜题电影已成为世界谜题电影的重要组成部分,共同推动着当代电影向前发展。     

达尔文错了吗?

1982年是达尔文逝世一百周年。他创立的达尔文主义生物进化论刚刚诞生就引起轩然大波。一百多年来,它一直是科学与宗教、唯物主义和唯心主义激烈斗争的场所。达尔文主义在这场斗争中取得了决定性的胜利。它不仅对自然科学,而且对哲学和社会科学产生了巨大而深远的影响。科学真理是要向前发展的。一百多年来,古生物学、遗传学、分子生物学相继取得突飞猛进的进展,达尔文主义受到检验、修正和丰富,也遇到新的挑战。在本世纪三、四十年代形成了以美国生物学家杜布赞斯基为代表的现代综合进化论。在六、七十年代则出现了非达尔文主义进化论(中性进化论)。同时在国际上还存在坚持获得性遗传的新拉马克主义,主张自然选择是进化唯一动力的新达尔文主义(魏斯曼主义),以及德弗里斯的突变论(灾变论),莫诺的偶然进化论,还有直生论、目的论、活力论等唯心主义理论。本文对这方面的主要情况作了比较全面的介绍,肯定了达尔文主义的生命力。     

气候谜题:全球变暖停滞?

正科学家们认为,尽管从日前来看,全球气候变暖停滞的观点并不完全符合实际,但还是十分有意义的,它提醒人们:1999年后的10年时间里,全球除北极以外地区,平均温度没有增加。这可能是受到了海洋变冷和太阳活动减弱等自然现象的影响。跨越2015年和2016年的这个冬天,比过去的数十年来得更凌厉了些。人们刷新了关于寒冷的记忆,对北方冻裂的水管无可奈何,对南方的飞雪连天又报以少见多怪的狂喜。自2015年大寒节气开始,中国大部分地区开启了冰河模式。此前一段时间,新疆、内蒙古、东     

马克思和达尔文——重新考虑

几乎有一个世纪,马克思和达尔文的名字被难分难解地联在一起,这种联系几乎完全是虚构的.关于达尔文的两封信,一封真是给马克思的,一封是给马克思的女婿阿维林而被人误认为给马克思的,现已查清,不必再加叙述.马克思与达尔文之间关系的神话是从1883年恩格斯在马克思墓前的讲话开始的.他把马克思发现人类历史发展的规律比之于达尔文发现了生物界发展的规律.一星期后,这篇讲话就在《社会民主党》上发表.五年以后,恩格斯又在《共产党宣言》1888年英文版序言中作了     

论达尔文进化论的生态思想及其意义

达尔文进化论不仅确立了重要的生态原则,而且这些原则具有十分丰富的科学意义。深入阐发达尔文进化论生态意义,有助于我们深化对人与自然的关系、人类在自然进化中的位置、人类文明发展与生态建设的关系等问题的认识。     

达尔文的信是给马克思的吗?

伟大的英国科学家查理·达尔文1880年10月13日写的一封信,没有收信人的名字.这封信早在1931年苏联《在马克思主义旗帜下》杂志首次发表的时候,编辑人员认为收信人是马克思.最近苏联出版的《苏共历史问题》杂志1977年第4期发表了一篇研究考证这封信的文章,题目是《查理·达尔文的信是写给谁的》作者认为这封信不是给马克思的,是给马克思的女婿艾威林的.由于弄错收信人,长期来在这位伟大的自然科学家对马克思的态度问题上,在马克思和达尔文的关系上,造成了一种不正确的印象.为此我们特辟"文献研究"一栏,发表这篇文章.以后如有其他类似资料,仍将陆续译载,供国内研究者参考.     

达尔文学说对马克思和恩格斯的重要意义

马克思读了《物种起源》一书后,曾于1860年12月19日给恩格斯写信谈到:“虽然这本书用英语写得很粗略,但是它为我们的观点提供了自然史的基础。”①此后1861年1月16日,他在致斐迪南·拉萨尔的信中写道:“达尔文的著作非常有意义,这本书我可以用来当     

达尔文、弗洛伊德与科学中的英雄神话

诗人拥有超越现实来引导人们行动的特权,他能促使我们去注意芸芸众生中的英雄。历史学家则不然,他的职责是理解历史事件本来的而非设想的面目。在描述历史上的英雄时尤为如此。无论是考证思想家、政治家与军事家等伟人式的英雄,还是探究靠时代精神和舆论环境所塑造的神话式的英雄莫不如此。T.卡莱尔的英雄崇拜代表了一种典型的历史观,他认为:“在这个世界上,人们创造     

浅论玻意耳——达尔文适应理论的范式更替

生物进化存在着一系列过渡类型,它是生命系统中复杂而多层次的运动过程,适应性在这个过程中发挥了重要作用。本文将以玻意耳自然哲学思想为突破口,着眼于个体分析,对二人的适应性理论进行范式转化分析,进而表明玻意耳的科学研究方法为达尔文的进化论思想提供了全新的视角。     

马克思与达尔文的联系:形式不同,实质相似

保罗·海尔于1982年出版了一部重要的论著:《自然,人性与社会:马克思、达尔文。生物学与人文科学》,这部论著的分析很精辟,不仅论述了达尔文与马克思的联系,而且论述了社会科学与进化论的关系。在十九世纪末,正值现代生物学与社会科学发展成形的时期,出现了两位巨匠——达尔文和马克思,他们与其他伟人一起,运用自然科学的观念,对人类的行为与社会性作了唯物主义与进化论的解释。除达尔文与马克思外,还有恩格斯、泰勒、摩     

Explaining Marital Dissolution: The Role of Spouses' Traits

Objective . One of the most profound changes in American society since 1950 has been a decline in the stability of marriages. Many studies that focus on marital dissolution are based on analyses of individual marriages that track their success or failure over time. Most research views the family as a single decision-making unit that arrives at a decision concerning the status of the marriage. Previous work has not explicitly considered the role of spouses' individual traits in the process of marital dissolution. This article treats spouses' behaviors as distinct phenomena. Methods . The study is based on the Marital Instability Over the Life Course 1980–1988 panel data set. The data do not include information on each spouse's choice. Instead we observe only the final outcome of the two decisions. To address that limitation, the model is estimated using a bivariate probit model with partial observability. Results . The kurtosis and variance are largely insensitive to important distributional differences, most importantly that between bimodality and trimodality. Estimates indicate that there are noteworthy contrasts between spouses with respect to variables that induce a choice in favor of marital dissolution. Conclusions . These findings suggest that husbands and wives are motivated by different socioeconomic factors in decisions relative to the stability of their marriages.     

Explaining with Intentional Omissions

Determining the human activity that social processes consist in is a central task for the philosophy of the social sciences. This paper asks: which conception of agency arising from contemporary action theory is the most suitable for social science explanation? It is argued that a movement-centered, Davidsonian picture of agency is not suitable for explaining certain social processes such as strikes and boycotts because, instead of intentional bodily movements, they are explained by the intentional omissions of agents. I propose that instead of intentional bodily movements, social processes are better explained by phenomena in which an agent is taking an active relation both to her mental or bodily processes as well as to what is happening around her. Thus, to fully explain social processes, a comprehensive theory of agency that can account for intentional actions and intentional omissions and a conception of agency that includes both materialist and volitionalist aspects is needed.     

Explaining a productive decade

This paper analyzes the sources of U.S. productivity growth in recent years using both aggregate and industry-level data. We confirm the central role for information technology (IT) in the productivity revival during 1995–2000 and show that IT played a significant, though smaller, role after 2000. Productivity growth after 2000 appears to have been boosted by industry restructuring and cost cutting in response to profit pressures, an unlikely source of future strength. In addition, the incorporation of intangible capital into the growth accounting framework takes some of the luster off the performance of labor productivity since 2000 and makes the gain during 1995–2000 look larger than in the official data. Finally, we examine the outlook for trend growth in labor productivity; our estimate, though subject to much uncertainty, is centered at a year, faster than the lackluster pace that prevailed before 1995 but somewhat slower than the 1995–2006 average.     

Explaining Emotions in Attachment

Book reviewed in this article:
L.A. Stroufe, Emotional Development: The Organisation of Emotional Life in the Early Years     

首届“社会科学研究管理”研暨第三届“科研管理”论坛在长讨会沙召开

10月27至29日,由中国社科院科研局、湖南省社科院和本刊编辑部联合举办的首届"社会科学研究管理"研讨会暨第三届中国社科院"科研管理"论坛在长沙举行。本次会议的主题是,深入学习贯彻《中共中央关于进一步繁荣发展哲学社会科学的意见》精神,进一步探讨新时期哲学社会科学发展规律,完善社会科学研究管理机制,促进社会科学理论创新。中共湖南省委宣传部副部长郑佳明出席开幕式并讲了话,湖南省社科院院长、党组书记朱有志致欢迎辞。中国社科院党组成员、副秘书长兼科研局局长黄浩涛出席会议并讲话。院     

抵押权制度的变迁——从《担保法》到《物权法》

《物权法》调整了可抵押财产的范围,建立了动产浮动抵押制度,确立了抵押合同的效力与抵押权的设立相分离的原则,完善了对承租人与抵押权人之间关系的调整。对于抵押财产的转让,《物权法》的规定更有利于抵押权人。《物权法》还首次对抵押权的顺位作出了规定。关于抵押权的实现,《物权法》的规定更注重当事人的意思自治,注意保护其他债权人的利益,简化抵押权实现的程序,降低抵押权实现的成本。     

Explaining the Identifiable Victim Effect

It is widely believed that people are willing to expend greater resources to save the lives of identified victims than to save equal numbers of unidentified or statistical victims. There are many possible causes of this disparity which have not been enumerated previously or tested empirically. We discuss four possible causes of the identifiable victim effect and present the results of two studies which indicate that the most important cause of the disparity in treatment of identifiable and statistical lives is that, for identifiable victims, a high proportion of those at risk can be saved.     

Darwin Cyclone: An Exploration of Disaster Behaviour

Events associated with the Cyclone Tracy strike at Darwin on 25 December 1974 are described. With the loss of 49 lives, a further 16 persons missing and presumed dead, and hundreds injured, this became Australia's greatest national disaster to date. A total breakdown in facilities occurred. The responses of people before, during and after the cyclone are examined. Problems associated with social breakdown, spontaneous community efforts to deal with this and individual emotional problems are highlighted. A distinction between the trauma of the cyclone and that of the evacuation is made. The apparent inability of Australians to concede that disasters have emotional as well as social and physical consequences is looked at.