宗教伦理、宗教组织及世俗化因素--刍议宗教伦理研究中的社会学分析路径

宗教和宗教伦理一直是社会学研究的议题之一,并形成了历时性因果分析及共时性功能探讨两种取向,但就其研究进路而言,大多数研究基本上都具有明显的韦伯式分析路径倾向,在一定程度上都存在着某种简约化缺陷,难以回答宗教伦理何以发挥其共时性功能;何以产生其历时性之结果等操作性问题.对此,如果在韦伯式的分析路径中引入组织运行和世俗化因素等中介变量,可以使得社会学对宗教伦理的分析得以进一步的完善.     

宗教道德与社会主义道德

宗教道德与社会主义道德存在着本质区别.宗教道德是调整人与神之间关系的行为规范,社会主义道德则是调整社会主义社会中的人与人之间关系的行为规范,属于世俗道德;宗教道德体现的是神道主义,社会主义道德则是一种人道主义;宗教道德通过神的力量发挥其社会作用,社会主义道德则通过社会舆论和人的良心发挥其社会作用.在理论上明确宗教道德与社会主义道德的区别,将有益于青年人的社会主义道德信念的培养.     

平等的张力与诉求——马歇尔公民资格理论及对中国构建和谐社会的启示

1949年英国社会学家马歇尔提出了公民资格理论,认为公民资格权利由公民权利、政治权利和社会权利构成,并详细描述了英国公民资格的发展历程,认为英国公民权利的发展呈现了线性发展的特征,“公民权利变成了集体谈判的基础,政治权利促进了公众舆论和国民意识,从而公民权利和政治权利的使用增强了争取社会权利的压力性.”新中国成立后,我国公民资格权利的发展经历了一个曲折的过程.改革开放前,国家与社会高度重合,社会各领域都受到政治国家的支配,公民资格权利难有实质性进展.改革开放后公民资格的三种权利都取得了长足发展和进步.我国正处在市场经济建设的关键时期,借鉴马歇尔的公民资格理论,在差异化的市场过程中,不断通过多元化的努力寻求公民资格平等的价值主张,是我们当前建设和谐社会的不竭动力.     

Pathways to gender equality: A configurational analysis of childcare instruments and outcomes in 21 European countries

The ability to produce desired outcomes represents an important basis of the legitimacy of social policies. Nonetheless, policy outcomes have not systematically figured in the analysis of childcare regimes despite growing political interest in issues such as female employment, gender wage gap, and men's involvement in childcare. In this article, we use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to investigate the relationship between the configuration of policy instruments, attitudes toward childcare and outcomes in 21 European countries. Our results show that there is only one mix of policy instruments consistently linked with positive gender equality outcomes and this route has the quality of the universal caregiver model. It also demonstrates that both a combination of policy instruments and favorable attitudinal factors are necessary to produce desirable outcomes in the gender division of paid work and unpaid childcare.     

Through the gender lens: a comparison of family policy in Sweden and China

In this study, Sweden and China's family policies, with a specific focus on their effect on gender equality, are compared. We describe the different goals and objectives of parental/maternity leave and childcare policies. The effect of family policies on gender equality, indicated by equal employment opportunities for women and the gender division of labour in the family in the two countries, is also discussed. A systematic comparison revealed that both countries included the promotion of gender equality in their policy agendas, but they varied in design and implementation. Swedish family policies assume childcare is a public concern, and women's participation in the labour market and men's involvement in childcare are considered to be crucial to achieving gender equality. In contrast, China's family policies emphasize women's participation in the labour market, but overlook the gender division of household work and childcare at home.     

中国企业平等问题研究

应当将中国企业平等所取得的成就和所面临的问题放在市场经济取向改革之中加以系统分析。市场经济面前 ,法人企业一律平等。动态地看 ,中国企业平等程度取决于非国有企业比重的不断提高和所有制结构的转变。静态地看 ,中国企业平等程度取决于政府的政策导向以及经济民主与法制的建设     

Talking about citizenship in New Zealand

Abstract

This paper fleshes out the rather sparse empirical literature on citizenship with data collected from seven focus groups involving a wide range of New Zealanders. Results indicate that the term “citizenship” is relatively unimportant to identity and belonging compared to “family” and “community”. Yet there is considerable agreement about the key elements of citizenship and what makes a “good citizen”. Knowledge about citizenship, however, is not evenly distributed or experienced in the same way by different groups of New Zealanders, with Maori participants offering notably more negative perspectives on citizenship, and benefit recipients most likely to feel like “second‐class citizens”. Against predictions, the findings further suggest that neo‐liberal reforms have not eliminated a belief in community spirit and collective solutions to social problems. Although New Zealanders do believe that individuals should be responsible for themselves, they also expect government to ensure the social and economic conditions that make this possible.     

The Relation between Ethnic and Civic Views on Citizenship,Attitudes towards Immigrants and Sympathy for Welfare Recipients

In this study we investigate the relationship between different definitions of national citizenship, sympathy for welfare recipients, and how this relation is mediated by attitudes towards immigrants. We make use of the 2008 wave of the Belgian Political Panel Survey 2006–11, in which over 4,800 18‐year‐old adolescents were questioned. The results demonstrate that an agreement with both ethnic and civic definitions of national citizenship is related to reduced sympathy for welfare recipients, although the association with an ethnic view on citizenship is clearly dominant. Furthermore, these relations are almost entirely of an indirect nature: ethnic and civic citizenship attitudes are associated with negative views on immigrants, which, in turn, is the key variable that is associated with reduced sympathy for welfare recipients.     

苦难与宗教增长：管制的非预期后果

通过比较历史研究,本文揭示了受压制宗教的成长逻辑,认为压制会产生一些非预期后果：压制往往促进宗     

贾平凹小说的宗教情结

生活是残缺的,宗教是完美的、圆满的。人的根柢在宗教。神是无限的,人是有限的。文学即人学,文学的根柢亦在宗教。人是有原罪的,也是有神性的。从人的神性到人的原罪,可以看到有限的必然,因而释然、从容、智慧、平和;从人的原罪到人的神性,因永恒的残缺而向往完美、圆满,因肉身的限制而寻求超越。贾平凹正处于这样一个相互作用的纠结点上,他的小说便渗透了这样一种宗教情结。     

自然法的古今之变:《自然社会》的思想史评析

从自然法到自然权利的范式突变是西方社会思想史和政治思想史上的重大事件。政治社会乃是自然社会,即符合人的自然性（人性）的社会,这一由亚里士多德首先系统阐述并主导着西方古代和中世纪政治思想的主流学说,到早期现代受到全面颠覆。政治社会被理解为人为脱离自然状态而通过社会契约建构而成的人造物。李猛的《自然社会》一书是对上述问题的系统讨论。该书不乏有创造性综合的见解。但本文侧重于指出其中的几点不足,包括未能发现古罗马人的自由概念与主体权利概念之间的相似之处,以及未能发现平等而不是权利对现代观念的构成性影响等等。笔者以为造成这些缺陷原因在于李猛放弃了他擅长的社会理论方法,而纯粹从观念史的角度来思考伦理和政治问题。     

许地山小说宗教色彩的显与隐

宗教色彩是许地山小说最具魅力的个性特征,在前期小说中,宗教色彩的表现是直白浅露,一目了然的,主要通过作品有关情节的形象化展示及画龙点睛式的篇末垂教两种方式来宣示宗教意识。在后期小说中,宗教色彩依然客观存在,但表现得相当隐秘,几近于无,只有细心品味方可看出个中三昧。     

史前宗教信仰与道德观念的一体化

原始伦理道德作为人类最初的道德意识与行为准则 ,与原始宗教有着千丝万缕的联系 ,是一种一而二、二而一的关系。不论是原始宗教的崇拜对象以及崇拜形式、宗教仪式 ,还是原始道德的内容及其形式、传承 ,都清晰地显示出了这一特点。     

Universal ideals and particular constraints of social citizenship: the Chinese experience of unifying rights and responsibilities

This study looks at the perceptions of citizens in a modern Chinese society and explores whether social rights and responsibilities are unified at both ideal and practice levels. It finds that the conception that the Chinese have a weak image of social rights is no longer true. The Chinese are generally 'right-deficit' at the practice level. It is also found that there are wide gaps between ideal rights and practice rights, and between ideal responsibilities and practice responsibilities, except in components affected by cultural, contextual and institutional factors. The findings suggest that, for a full understanding of social citizenship, it is necessary to look at both ideal and practice levels of social citizenship. Cultural, contextual and institutional factors are identified as moderating people's behaviour and preferences in regard to social citizenship.     

古都名城与宗教文化

北京是世界上著名的古都 ,它融汇着中国各民族悠久的文化传统和世界多种宗教文化 ,凝聚着中国辉煌的建筑文化艺术 ,体现着古代东方城市完美的文化氛围。本文从以下几个方面论述了北京作为古都名城凝聚的宗教文化 :城市与宗教文化 ;宗教符号与文化遗产是历史文化名城的重要标志 ;“和”的宗教思想对北京文化的影响 ;最后 ,着重研究宗教与北京人文空间的形成     

印度宗教与社会经济发展的关系

印度社会的发展往往与宗教变革相关.印度历史上主要经历了四次大的宗教变革运动,而每次宗教变革都推动了印度社会的发展.今天,印度经济的崛起无疑也与宗教有着密不可分的多方面的联系.     

中国宗教伦理观中的“报”及其法律意涵

“报”是中国民间习惯法的一个效力来源。“报”之效力可分为两种：一是正面的互惠之报,它维系了互助、互利的诸多习惯法的效力;二是“报应”、报复之报,它形成了某种现实的或心理的压力,同样赋予习惯法以效力。“报”这一中国传统文化观念及其对民间习惯法的效力保障,对于当代社会的法律秩序塑造,亦不乏参考价值。     

论所有权的自由与限制

所有权对于公民的财产权利甚至整个法权具有重要意义。近代民法一直强调所有权行使的绝对自由,忽略了所有权应该受到的社会公益限制,其结果是使自由走向了反面。为克服所有权绝对自由带来的负面影响,现代民法开始由权利本位转向社会本位,逐步形成了所有权的社会化思潮,强调所有权的行使应该以尊重和维护社会公益为前提。但是由于社会公益的概念比较宽泛,范围难以确定,为了防止有人以公益之名谋私益之实,应该对社会公共利益的界定确立实体标准和程序标准,以解决因社会公共利益的界定产生的争议,寻求社会公益与个人私益的平衡,维护公民个人的实体权利。     

中国农村宗教复兴与“宗教”的中国命运

中国农村宗教复兴是改革开放以来最“出人意料”的现象之一。对此,学界提出了“传统的发明”、“国家-社会关系”、“宗教市场”三种解释模式。本文认为,解释中国农村宗教复兴,不能将宗教现象还原为“政治”或“经济”等其他范畴,而应将之视为一种自成一类的事实,一种人的基本条件,同时应充分理解政治精英和知识精英在中国近现代史上对 “宗教”的塑造过程。中国农村的宗教复兴在很大程度上游离于这一塑造过程之外,因此,可能存在着尚不为学界所充分认识的社会机制,有着提供本土理论的潜力。本文认为,在世俗化理论和市场理论之外,应该尝试使用“礼物模式”探索这一社会机制。