团队内冲突对团队决策质量和满意度影响的实证研究

冲突是影响团队决策绩效的重要变量。本文在总结了近年来国内外团队冲突研究成果的基础上,研究中国文化背景下的不同类型冲突对团队决策质量认知和满意度的影响。通过对156名企业管理人员的问卷调查,发现中国企业管理人员对团队内冲突同样可以区分为关系冲突和任务冲突两个维度,两种冲突都对决策满意度有负面影响,其中关系冲突对于任务冲突和决策满意度有中介作用。     

家长式领导、冲突与高管团队战略决策效果的关系研究

本文以四川省78家企业371名高管团队成员为实证研究对象,探讨了CEO的家长式领导行为对高管团队战略决策效果的影响,以及团队冲突在其中的中介作用.同时,构建了包括家长式领导、认知冲突、情绪冲突和决策效果四个变量的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设.通过结构方程模型的检验,表明CEO的德行领导和威权领导分别从正反两个方向对决策效果产生显著的影响,仁慈领导对决策效果没有显著的直接影响.德行领导主要通过认知冲突作用于决策效果,仁慈、威权领导则通过情绪冲突作用于决策效果.     

商品类型对消费者评论认知的影响：基于眼动实验

在线评论是消费者在线购买产品或服务的重要信息来源。近年来,许多商家鼓励消费者在发表文字评论的同时上传买家秀图片,表明多数商家认为含有图片的评论更有助于消费者完成购买任务。已有在线评论有用性的相关研究广泛探讨了纯文字评论对消费者决策的影响,缺少消费者对纯文字评论与含有图片评论认知差异的研究。 在此背景下,基于模式一致性理论提出不同商品类型情景下消费者对纯文字和含有图片两类评论认知行为的研究假设,从认知心理学视角系统地研究商品类型对消费者评论认知行为的影响机理;通过眼动实验收集数据,采用独立样本t检验和双因素方差分析检验研究假设;同时检验性别在商品类型与评论认知关系中的调节作用,从理论上证明商品类型对消费者评论认知的影响,为验证商品类型、评论形式和性别因素间的内在机制提供实证支持。 研究结果表明,商品类型显著影响消费者在线评论认知行为。眼动实验证实消费者在购买搜索型商品时更依赖纯文字评论做出决策。对于体验型商品,女生组眼动数据支持所有研究假设,当女性消费者购买体验型商品时,对网页中含有图片评论的关注度更高;当她们购买搜索型商品时,对网页中纯文字评论的关注度更高。性别在商品类型影响评论认知的关系中起调节作用,并给出多因素间更为复杂的交互关系。 研究结论表明消费者对两种评论形式存在认知差异,揭示了消费者在线评论认知行为规律,对于商家及社交商务平台展开有针对性的促销策略都具有实际指导意义,同时眼动实验方法的应用为消费者行为研究提供了新的视角。     

组织成员利益冲突的心理表现及化解之策

<正>在市场经济条件下,单位中存在着以"职权利益冲突""公私利益冲突""相关利益冲突"为主要类型的冲突。在冲突的事前、事发、事中、事后阶段,不同利益冲突类型会引发组织成员不同的心理失衡表现。事前阶段"心理有落差,有不公平感",事发阶段"情绪波动大,心理活动复杂",事中阶段"谴责、愤怒、恐惧,形象威胁",事后阶段"认知失调,选择性信息加工,自闭性敌视"。化解心理失衡,除需要组织成员自我调适和第三     

利益激励在领导决策情景与领导公正感满意度间的中介效应——基于领导干部测评的实证研究

领导决策情景对领导公正感满意度有显著正向影响,领导决策情景对利益激励有显著正向影响,利益激励对领导公正感满意度有显著正向影响,利益激励在领导决策情景对领导公正感满意度的影响中发挥部分中介效应。利益激励可以作为领导改善决策情景,消解公正与效率之间矛盾,化解内部冲突,提升改革发展中决策效率的有效抓手。     

基于决策树技术的信息化项目文化冲突研究

企业在信息化项目实施的各个环节中普遍存在各种各样的冲突,对冲突进行有效识别,依据冲突类型选择合适的对策,是降低项目风险、实现项目效益的关键.信息化项目的高复杂性、高风险性对项目的冲突管理提出了较高的要求,目前对信息化项目中的冲突管理研究较多集中于管理理念和理论分析层面,结合文化冲突特点的实证研究较少.决策树方法是数据挖掘及数据分析中广泛应用的技术,具有清晰直观、易于解释的优点.本文通过决策树C5.0算法,尝试运用数据挖掘技术进行文化冲突研究.通过对项目中6种冲突管理决策类型的分析,提供了依据冲突情景选择应对策略的分类决策方法.实验证明,该方法可行.本研究为我国企业在信息化项目中遇到的冲突问题,提供了应对方法,同时也扩展了数据挖掘决策树技术的应用领域.     

高管冲突与团队决策绩效——基于控制模式的调节分析

整合冲突理论与公司治理控制理论,揭示控制模式(所有制)在高管冲突与团队决策绩效关系中的调节作用,利用中国10个省345份国有企业和民营企业样本,运用层级回归分析对假设进行验证.研究结果表明,高管认知冲突有助于提高团队决策绩效,高管情感冲突负向影响团队决策绩效;同时所有制对于两类冲突的调节作用不同,相对于国有企业,民营企业中高管团队情感冲突与团队决策绩效的负相关关系显著减弱,高管团队认知冲突与团队决策绩效的正相关关系并无显著差别.研究发现,要有效提高高管团队决策绩效,既应通过所有制的改变降低情感冲突对决策的负面作用,也应该寻求体制调整之外的具体管理方式适度激发认知冲突.     

支持模糊型任务的信息组织结构设计研究

模糊型任务虽然在组织中广泛存在,但是在线研讨环境下支持模糊型任务的信息组织结构研究还很少.从任务—技术匹配的角度分析,发现模糊型任务不能被现有的线性或树状信息组织结构有效支持,因此研究提出一种新型线性+树状信息组织结构.这种新型结构能够在沟通、协调组织和信息处理3个维度上提供高水平的支持,从而满足模糊型任务的需求.设计了实验来检验线性+树状结构的有效性.实验结果表明,对于模糊型任务,采用线性+树状结构的研讨平台比采用线性结构或树状结构的研讨平台具有更高的决策效率,更好的决策效果和更高的决策过程满意度.     

基于多主体仿真的大群体应急决策风险致因分析

大群体应急决策风险来源众多,且对决策的影响不容忽视。本文从个体因素和群体因素两方面对大群体应急决策风险进行系统识别,并将各风险因素与两类群体效应(认知冲突和关系冲突)进行关联,建立大群体应急决策风险致因体系。在此基础上,设置由个体认可度、群体结构、沟通方式、决策策略和外部影响组成的仿真变量,然后基于观点动力学利用Netlogo工具建立大群体应急决策风险致因多主体仿真模型,最后通过案例模拟得出各风险因素致因机理的一般规律。仿真结果表明:控制高认可度决策主体的比例,增加聚集间交互,采取必要的预见性措施,对降低决策风险,提高决策共识速度,应对决策环境的高动态性具有积极作用。研究有助于掌握大群体应急决策风险因素的组成及其影响规律,为应急决策的策略引导提供参考和借鉴。     

群体支持系统中的自动主持人研究

主持人对电子会议的成功起着至关重要的作用.由于合格主持人的稀缺性,以及人类主持人的固有缺陷,使得研究和开发自动主持人成为一项具有吸引力的工作.本研究以主意产生型任务为例,以前人总结的主持人任务为基础,提出了支持电子头脑风暴的自动主持人系统应该具备的功能,并进一步用实验评估了这些功能.用户对这些功能的评估为将来设计更加先进的自动主持人系统提供了一定的依据.同时,实验表明在GSS环境下有自动主持人支持的群体比没有自动主持人支持的群体发言更多并且能够产生更多主意.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.