新创企业内部资源与外部关系的战略平衡——中国情境下的经验研究

由于受新创劣势的约束,新创企业的战略行为需平衡内部资源和外部关系.基于创业成长的演化视角,本文将创业导向和创新能力定义为内部资源,外部关系构念区分为支持型和合作型关系,分析其中的战略平衡机制.通过224家上市创业企业的经验研究显示:内部资源与外部关系中的政府支持和金融机构支持形成战略替代效应,演进模型的检验也证实新创企业对这种非市场关系资源形成路径依赖的特征;而在合作型关系中,内部资源与企业联盟之间形成互补效应的平衡机制,但是在演进模型中并没有显著的变化趋势.研究结论为我国创业企业的战略决策提供一定的实践启示,也为战略创业观点提供理论参考.     

高科技新创企业网络中心度、战略隔绝与竞争优势关系研究

从内部机制和外部网络出发,探究了网络中心度、战略隔绝对新创企业竞争优势的影响.基于来自高科技新创企业的187份有效问卷,利用结构方程对假设关系进行了验证.结果表明,网络中心度、战略隔绝对高科技新创企业竞争优势均具有显著的影响,而且战略隔绝在网络中心度与高科技新创企业竞争优势之间存在部分中介效应.     

异质性资源、创业机会与创业绩效关系研究

基于资源基础理论探究了新创企业的异质性资源,并采用创业机会视角剖析资源对绩效的作用机制问题,提出了资源-机会-绩效的研究逻辑。来自山东省102家新创企业的问卷调研数据证实:具有高知识储备的人力资源和密切联系的关系资源对创业绩效有正向影响;有价值的创业机会分别在人力资源与创业绩效、关系资源与创业绩效间起中介作用。理论上,不仅甄别出影响新创企业绩效的异质性资源,丰富了资源基础理论,而且有利于完善Timmons模型以推进研究发展;实践上,为新创企业实现资源与机会的良性匹配,最终实现创业成功提供理论指导。     

关系身份视角下夫妻创业共同领导行为探索性研究北大核心CSSCI

夫妻创业由夫妇共同领导,但夫妇如何在双重身份下实现领导权共享尚未引起学术界广泛关注。为此,引入夫妻关系身份视角,采用探索性案例分析法,以一家夫妻创业型企业为研究对象,构建创业情境下夫妻共同领导行为模型。研究发现,第一,夫妻创业情境下,关系身份促进夫妇在共同领导中形成组织协同效应。角色身份确保夫妻共同领导权力结构平衡,而配偶身份在共同领导者之间形成情感连接。第二,关系身份作用于夫妇共同决策、整合资源、协调行动过程中,并进一步促进新创企业机会的识别和利用。研究表明,夫妻关系身份既维护了夫妻共同领导的结构特征,又为推动新创企业成长提供情境依据。     

创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长

创业学习是新创企业成长的重要手段。尽管创业网络蕴含了大量可供新创企业学习的知识资源,然而少有研究对创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长绩效之间的作用机制进行探索。本文整合社会资本理论与组织学习理论,构建了创业网络、创业学习与新创企业成长绩效关系的理论模型,并通过层次回归模型和结构方程模型对理论假设进行了实证检验。结果表明,探索式学习与利用式学习对成长绩效有正向影响;正式网络与非正式网络对成长绩效有正向影响;创业学习对创业网络与成长绩效之间的关系起中介作用。研究结论对社会资本理论与组织双元理论有重要贡献,对挖掘创业网络的学习价值并实现新创企业双元发展有重要启示。     

网络能力、技术能力、制度环境与国际创业绩效

哪些因素决定新创企业国际创业绩效、新创企业在国际化过程中应聚焦国内资源开发还是国外资源整合,这是目前国际创业研究中亟待解决的两个问题.整合资源基础理论和国际创业理论,研究技术能力、网络能力和制度环境对国际创业绩效的作用机制,重点探讨网络能力的调节作用机制.采用层次回归模型等方法,对177家来自中国、越南、老挝3个转型经济国家新创企业的调查问卷进行分析.研究结果表明,技术能力和制度环境是新兴市场新创企业国际创业绩效的决定因素,网络能力对国际创业绩效的影响完全通过技术能力的中介作用实现;网络能力的子维度关系能力对技术能力与国际创业绩效之间关系有负向调节作用,但对制度环境与国际创业绩效之间关系有正向调节作用;网络能力的子维度协调能力对技术能力与国际创业绩效之间关系有正向调节作用,但对制度环境与国际创业绩效之间关系有负向调节作用.     

新创企业高管团队的团队过程与战略决策绩效 ——认知的调节作用

新创企业的成败很大程度上取决于战略决策绩效,具有决策权力的高管团队在创业情境下的认知和行为过程对战略决策绩效具有重要影响。本文结合创业研究和高管团队研究的现有成果,以122家新创企业为研究对象,从内部团队过程和外部团队过程两个维度考察高管团队的团队过程对战略决策绩效的影响,并从认知的视角分析新创企业高管团队认知需要和认知能力对团队过程与决策绩效关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,新创企业高管团队的内部团队过程和外部团队过程与决策的质量和满意度均有显著的正相关关系,且认知需要和认知能力对这种关系具有调节作用,在认知需要和认知能力较高的情况下,内、外部团队过程对决策质量和满意度的正向影响更强。     

创业网络、资源拼凑与新创企业绩效的关系研究

  创业网络为新创企业获取资源、突破资源约束困境提供了可能,能否将创业网络中潜在的资源真正转化为新创企业成长绩效,取决于其对资源进行拼凑的程度。已有研究在相关领域有所探讨,但是尚需对创业网络进行细分,探讨资源拼凑的中介作用,并讨论资源拼凑影响新创企业绩效的情景条件。         基于资源基础理论和社会网络理论,将创业网络分为均包括网络规模、网络多样性、关系强度的正式网络和非正式网络,理论推演出两类创业网络影响新创企业绩效的机制以及资源拼凑的中介作用,从创业学习的角度探讨利用式学习和探索式学习在资源拼凑与新创企业绩效关系中的调节作用。采用问卷调查方法收集204份来自新创企业的有效问卷,运用Spss 23.0和Mplus 7.4检验数据质量、变量间关系和研究假设。         研究结果表明,创业网络是影响新创企业绩效的重要因素,正式网络多样性和关系强度对新创企业绩效有显著的正向影响,正式网络规模的正向影响未通过显著性检验;非正式网络规模、网络多样性和关系强度对新创企业绩效有显著的正向影响;资源拼凑在正式网络的网络多样性和关系强度以及非正式网络的网络规模、网络多样性、关系强度对新创企业绩效的影响中起中介作用;探索式学习在资源拼凑对新创企业绩效的影响中起正向调节作用,利用式学习的调节作用不显著。         从资源的来源角度深度剖析正式网络和非正式网络对新创企业绩效的影响,揭示资源拼凑在其中的中介机制,通过创业学习界定资源拼凑影响新创企业绩效的情景。研究结果启示新创企业在构建正式网络时应重质不重量,积极构建多样性的正式网络并扩大非正式网络规模,加强与非正式网络成员的联系。同时,应善于资源整合和拼凑,实现对资源的创造性利用,并注重创业学习的作用,尤其是加强探索式学习。     

新企业网络导向如何影响其创业导向

作为战略管理与创业管理的交叉领域,创业导向研究日益成为学界关注的热点,而受到"新生弱性"困扰的新创企业往往缺乏必要的资源基础和实力,尤其在中国经济转型背景下,如何通过外部关系网络来增强创业导向成为新企业面临的关键难题。结合社会网络理论与组织学习理论,对网络导向影响创业导向的内在过程进行剖析,发现网络嵌入机制和创业学习机制是影响新企业网络导向与创业导向关系的两种主要机制。运用多层次回归分析的方法实证研究新企业网络导向影响其创业导向的影响机理,结果显示:(1)网络导向与创业导向之间呈倒U型关系;(2)新企业的网络嵌入与创业学习在"网络导向-创业导向"主效应中能起到正向调节作用,不过其中的利用性创业学习调节作用不显著;(3)网络嵌入与创业学习之间存在一定的匹配互补性,其中关系嵌入与利用性学习、结构嵌入与探索性学习具有显著的协同调节效应。本文研究深化了网络与学习双重视角下的创业导向前因理论研究,研究结论有助于新企业把握网络导向影响创业导向的内在规律,从而指导新企业对网络嵌入与创业学习行为进行科学规划。     

创业网络混合治理机制选择的案例研究

在具有高度不确定性和资源不对等关系的创业网络中,选择适宜的网络治理机制能够促进创业网络的高效运行,提升新创企业借助创业网络获取资源的效率。但已有研究大多援引成熟企业网络组织的治理理论,未能对"在何种情境下新创企业适宜采用哪种治理机制"的问题给予合理解释。本文结合我国转型经济体制背景以及独特的创业情境,从交易对象隶属性、资产的关系专用性以及新进入缺陷的互动切入,探索其组合情境下创业网络治理机制的权变选择。利用多案例研究发现:针对与体制内组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用信任机制、辅以信息导向学习机制的混合治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的信任机制、辅以任务导向学习机制的混合治理机制。而针对体制外组织的网络,投入较高关系专用性资产的新创企业会采用基于信任的契约机制、辅以嵌入导向学习机制的治理机制,而在关系专用性投资较低的交易中采用基于契约的治理机制。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.