分销商网络环境及其对机会主义行为的影响

根据社会网络理论,本文研究了分销商所处网络环境对其机会主义行为的影响.首先研究了分销商横向网络的关系质量和关系结构对其机会主义行为的影响.在关系质量层面,分销商竞争强度会促进其机会主义的发生,而合作强度会抑制机会主义的发生.在关系结构层面,网络中心性会加强竞争强度的正向效应及合作强度的负向效应.其次研究了分销商在纵向网络所面对的顾客不确定性对其横向网络质量的影响,即顾客不确定性负向影响分销商的竞争强度和合作强度.     

企业边界人员的私人关系与企业间机会主义行为——双刃剑效应的作用机制及其边界条件

企业边界人员的私人关系对企业间关系的影响如同一柄双刃剑,既可能抑制也可能促进企业间机会主义行为。本文运用案例研究方法,检验了产生这一双刃剑效应的内在机制。基于委托代理理论、权力依赖理论和制度理论,分别从企业内部、企业间关系以及企业所处的制度环境3个层面识别了双刃剑效应的边界条件。分析结果表明:当企业内部激励较为公平或企业所处制度环境较好时,私人关系会通过促进企业间的信任和承诺来抑制企业间机会主义行为;反之,则可能通过放松企业层面的监督和控制促进交易对象的投机行为。本文还发现了一项颇具本土特色的结论:在非均衡的依赖关系中,因私人关系的存在,弱势企业的投机倾向表现的较为明显,强势企业反而有更少的机会主义行为。     

专用性投资、治理机制与企业绩效——来自制造业上市公司的经验证据

专用性投资治理问题是近年来国内外关注的热点问题。本文利用2007—2009年沪深制造业上市公司的经验证据,探讨了专用性投资、治理机制与企业绩效之间关系。研究发现:(1)在专用性投资的治理机制选择上,关系治理机制比正式治理机制更有效率;(2)如果缺乏治理机制保护,专用性投资对企业绩效产生负面影响;(3)环境不确定性加剧了专用性投资被机会主义侵占的风险,技术水平在专用性投资和企业绩效之间起到了正向的调节作用。     

非正式契约与正式契约交互关系研究——基于随机匹配博弈的分析

在商业交易中, 正式契约安排与非正式契约安排往往是同时使用的, 对这两类契约交互作用的分析是契约理论研究的一个新领域. 运用随机匹配博弈建立一个契约成本影响契约选择和契约交互关系的模型, 将契约交互关系研究从双边重复博弈框架扩展到随机匹配博弈框架下, 从而可用其来分析非频繁交易. 结论是: 当契约成本较低时, 正式契约的引入替代了非正式契约; 当契约成本处于中间水平时, 正式契约补充了非正式契约; 当契约成本很高时, 正式契约的引入不影响交易方对非正式契约的选择. 最后, 运用上述模型分析了网上拍卖中第三方执行中介的介入对契约交互关系的影响.     

联盟控制方式对伙伴知识获取的影响研究:来自我国医院间联盟的证据

越来越多的组织依赖于战略联盟作为知识获取的平台,但理论研究对于不同类型的联盟控制方式如何影响伙伴知识获取仍然关注不足。本文采用一般组织理论分析方法,探讨正式的契约控制和非正式的信任机制对伙伴知识获取的直接与交互作用。来自国内190家联盟医院的数据分析表明,善意信任、能力信任促进了伙伴的知识获取,而契约控制与知识获取间呈现先增强后减弱的非线性关系。此外,有关交互效应的统计结果表明,善意信任与契约控制在促进伙伴知识获取的过程中相互替代,而能力信任与契约控制则互为补充。     

关系契约治理与外包合作绩效——对日离岸软件外包项目的实证研究

对日离岸软件外包项目具有典型的关系契约特性,现有文献对软件外包中的关系契约治理及对合作绩效的影响还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。信任、交流和相互适应调整作为重要的关系规范,在对日软件外包关系契约治理中具有重要意义。本研究根据访谈和110个项目的数据实证检验了关系规范对离岸软件外包项目绩效的影响。通过结构方程模型方法发现,交流的有效性对于项目质量和供应商成本控制绩效有积极影响,相互适应调整对于成本控制绩效也有积极影响。这个发现有助于构建有效的关系契约治理机制,促进软件外包产业发展。     

基于关系契约的合作研发治理机制研究

契约机制的选择恰当与否直接关系到企业和科研机构合作研发成败及绩效的高低,本文运用关系契约理论,揭示了合作研发的契约特征及契约选择机理,认为在研发绩效不可验证的情况下,关系契约可以弥补正式契约的不足,进而提出了基于关系契约的治理机制概念模型,并指出了进一步研究的设想。     

控制机制、合作行为与供应商绩效关系研究

研究制造商控制机制、供应商单边合作行为与供应商绩效间的关系,揭示控制机制通过影响供应商单边合作行为对提高供应商绩效的作用,利用163份制造商与供应商配对样本,采用多元线形回归法和分离回归法对假设进行验证.研究结果表明,契约机制对供应商单边合作行为没有显著影响,关系规范机制对供应商单边合作行为有显著的积极影响,同时契约机制与关系规范机制的互补作用对供应商单边合作行为有显著的积极影响;关系规范控制对供应商单边合作行为在高环境波动下的影响效果要强于低环境波动下的影响效果,而契约控制对关系柔性和信息共享在高环境波动和低环境波动两种情况下并没有不同.供应商单边合作行为对供应商绩效的显著积极影响也得到验证.     

渠道成员间相互依赖性对关系绩效影响的实证研究

渠道成员间的相互依赖性具有不同的性质,表现为相互依赖性总额和非对称性,它们分别作用于渠道成员间关系行为,产生不同的结果,但环境不确定性(即环境多样性和环境动态性)对上述关系具有调节作用.实证结果表明,相互依赖性总额与关系绩效具有正向的关系,即冲突减少而满意度增加;相互依赖性的非对称性对关系绩效具有负向的影响,即冲突增加而满意度减少.但在环境不确定性条件下,相互依赖性总额和非对称性对关系绩效的影响发生了改变.     

转轨时期中国企业渠道投机行为及其治理策略研究

渠道投机行为及其治理是营销实证研究的热门课题之一。遗憾的是，传统对于渠道投机治理的研究都是以西方发达国家作为背景，我们必须结合中国的渠道实践进行投机治理理论的分析。本文融合交易成本理论、关系契约理论和投机专论，分析并检验中国法律环境适宜程度、渠道投机行为及我国渠道关系现状之间的关系。结果发现：（1）正式契约、信任对于投机的治理成效显著；（2）法律环境的适宜程度对于渠道投机的治理具有显著的影响。对于相对固定的正式契约，法律环境越不规范，其作用越不明显；而信任机制在法律环境越不规范时，作用反而越明显；（3）与已往结论不同的是，复合机制对于渠道投机的治理作用不明显。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.