异质发电商竞争下电力市场减排锦标博弈--结构与行为北大核心CSCDCSSCI

利用行为经济学理论研究了电力市场中异质发电商竞争下的减排锦标博弈问题,先后讨论了不同市场与奖金结构下均衡的边际获胜概率及其最优减排努力程度.从实验经济学角度对理论模型进行了实验检验,在此基础上将模型拓展到考虑影响发电商减排决策的非金钱因素,如社会比较的减排锦标模型,并给出了模型的最优参数估计与均衡预测值.通过比较分析发现,在3、4人减排锦标赛中,针对不同发电主体构成,增加胜利者奖励数量既不能驱动强者提高也不会迫使弱者降低各自的最优减排量;无论初始调度禀赋如何,只要检验实验信息完全公开,所有发电商均存在过度减排投资行为,且在双强者单弱者参与情形下,强势发电商的减排努力水平与获胜者数量正相关关系与标准理论预测相悖;对参数的约束条件显著降低行为经济学模型拟合度,其中广义模型均衡预测最契合检验实验的基本特征,而特定嵌套模型验证理论预测的可行性.     

低碳技术组合应用下纵向合作减排的随机微分对策模型

在低碳电力调度准则下,基于考虑减排技术及其协同效应对低碳负荷需求的影响与电网公司购电的有限理性学习过程,建立了发电商采用3种低碳技术组合应用时的纵向合作减排的随机微分对策模型。运用汉密尔顿-雅可比-贝尔曼方程分别求得了Stackelberg博弈和合作博弈下均衡的减排技术投入、稳定的购电电量期望与方差以及Stackelberg博弈下最优的减排支付比例。考察了发电商减排技术的对称性及其应用数量对反馈均衡结果的影响,并对此两种博弈结构进行了比较分析。运用基于双向加权Rubinstein-Stahl讨价还价模型的利润共享契约使得决策系统达到协调,并将模型拓展到多种减排技术投入下的合作减排模型。研究发现:在一定条件和范围内,减排投入提高电网公司购电电量,同时发电商为此所带来的风险增大;合作博弈更适于优化电力市场电源结构,顺应低碳电力调度政策的导向;最优的减排技术应用、稳定的购电电量期望与方差以及系统均衡利润都与发电商选择的低碳技术投资效率、技术之间的协同作用以及数量正相关。     

寡头发电商投资阈值与容量选择模型及其分析

发电容量投资不足或过剩都将带来巨大经济与社会损失.论文针对不确定需求下的电力市场,在分析了容量约束下的寡头发电商竞价策略基础上,运用实物期权和博弈论思想,构建了寡头发电投资阈值与容量选择模型,并通过数值仿真给出了投资商的投资阈值与最优投资容量,分析结果表明:1)随投资商数量的增加,投资阈值下降,但最优的投资容量也随之下降;若需求不确定性增大,投资阈值与最优容量则随之增大;2)就整个电力市场而言,在发电商数量比较少时,电力市场效率较低,但电力供给充裕;而在发电商数量较多时,市场效率较高,但电力供给却较为紧张.     

考虑价格上限的寡头发电投资阈值与容量选择

发电容量投资不足或过剩都将带来巨大经济与社会损失.论文针对需求不确定且存在价格上限的情况,分析寡头发电商均衡的报价策略,在此基础上,运用实物期权和博弈论思想,构建寡头发电商投资阈值与容量选择模型,并通过数值仿真方法,分析对称寡头发电商的投资阈值与容量选择、最优价格上限与发电商数量,结果表明:1)价格上限较低时,寡头发电商会延迟投资,但总的投资容量会随发电商数量的增多而递增,而在价格上限较高时,则相反;2)最优的价格上限是无穷大,但发电投资商的数量对电力市场的可持续发展非常关键.     

多寡头电力市场中考虑水平合作的碳减排竞争微分对策模型

在多寡头竞争下，本文利用微分对策理论研究了电力市场中考虑水平合作的碳减排竞争问题。发展了Bass等提出的双寡头竞争模型，构建了多寡头竞争微分对策碳减排模型，并运用汉密尔顿-雅可比-贝尔曼方程求解了该模型的最优上网电价、初始竞争性碳减排和水平合作碳减排投入以及均衡价值函数。在非对称发电商情形下，考虑了水平合作碳减排对市场份额的影响，给出了稳定时发电商所占的市场份额解析式，扩展了Prasad和Sethi关于市场份额的结论；在对称发电商情形下，分析了合作碳减排成本占总碳减排成本比例与市场份额的相关性，并讨论了市场最优发电商数量满足的参数约束。研究结果表明：非对称发电商的初始市场份额相等，投入碳减排成本最大的发电商在稳定时拥有最大的市场份额，而投入减排成本最小的发电商稳定的市场份额则最小；即使对称发电商的初始市场份额存在差异，某个对称发电商完全垄断整个市场的极端情形也不会出现，而是由各自趋于承担相同电力供给任务；双、三寡头电力市场总能保证对称发电商都能获得正利润，一旦发电商数量增至大于三个将无法保证。     

双寡头电力市场垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型

考虑单电网公司与双发电商所组成的渠道结构,构建了发电商投资减排、电网公司投资消纳的优势互补的异质型垂直合作减排的随机微分对策模型,先后考察并比较了分散决策和集成决策下的反馈均衡结果。在此基础上,讨论了利润共享契约下系统增量利润的分配问题。研究表明：对于分散决策,电网公司选择性承担发电商的减排费用;两种决策下的发电商减排和电网公司购电价格以及分散决策下的减排补贴与发电商之间的减排竞争强度相关;在一定条件和范围内,合作博弈有利于提高电网公司购电电价,同时为此所带来的风险增大。     

公平偏好与锦标激励

行为合约理论认为代理人具有公平偏好,会关注自己的物质收益与他人相比是否公平,因而试图建立包含公平偏好的最优激励合约.在锦标激励中,这种公平偏好一方面是由于参与约束效应会降低代理人的努力程度,另一方面是由于激励相容约束效应提高代理人的努力程度,参与约束效应占主导作用,在最优的锦标激励制度下公平偏好会降低代理人的努力程度和委托人的期望收益水平.因此积极识别员工的公平偏好对企业制定恰当的锦标激励制度具有重要意义.     

发电成本垂直差异电力市场概率发电——基于大用户电量偏好视角

针对碳减排后普遍存在的发电成本垂直差异电力市场及其显著的大用户电量偏好差异,本文提出概率性电量供给以及与之对应的概率发电,并利用价格杠杆调控发电商低碳发电尤其高发电成本发电机会与供给效能不足.先后构建发电成本内、外生选择下的概率发电模型,求解发电商的电量供给均衡并分析概率发电策略的最优性.最后,将发电成本内生选择模型拓展到分解市场需求不确定性的概率发电模型.研究发现:相比基准发电,概率发电可以作为一种有利可图的发电容量过剩的解决方法,即使在发电成本内生选择时也是可行的;当发电商采用“强”成本差异的发电策略时,引入折中的概率发电会让产品线上成本水平相互更接近,且大用户的消费者剩余得到提高;与此相反,在市场中实施“弱”成本差异发电,发电商利用概率发电则增大成本分离并降低大用户的消费者剩余;在不确定性市场需求下,当偏好低发电成本电量的大用户对单位发电成本的估价相对于偏好高发电成本电量的大用户对单位发电成本的估价足够高时,概率发电可以以一种管理不利需求状况工具的身份出现.     

电力市场环境下发电商两市场最优风险投标策略研究

电力工业的市场化改革使电力企业成为市场的主体,并为发电商提供了多种市场选择.在这种新的市场环境下,发电商为为了获得较多的利润或降低市场风险,有必要对投标策略进行研究,并合理地决定在各个市场的投标电量.本文从投资组合的角度出发,以降低风险、保证投资成本的回收为目标,建立了求解最低风险、最大收益的多目标数学模型,利用投资学中的Markowitz模型对发电商的两市场最优风险投标策略进行了初步的探讨,在保证最低风险的情况下,使发电商两市场投标的期望收益最大,所得结论对发电商确定不同市场中的投标电量比例具有一定的参考价值.     

不完全需求信息下的寡头发电商报价学习模型

基于发电商主观推断得到的市场清除价与市场实际价格之差异,构建发电商报价学习模型,并对该模型的不动点及其稳定性进行了解析分析;在此基础上,针对存在2个发电商的报价市场,对学习模型的稳定域、分岔图和平均收益等复杂性现象进行了数值仿真分析.结果表明:学习模型唯一的不动点即为客观的市场需求曲线;在稳定域内发电商通过学习模型可发现客观的市场需求曲线,并得到Cournot均衡策略;在混沌状态下,有发电商获得超过Cournot均衡的平均收益,也有发电商获得少于Cournot均衡的平均收益,且可能形成一个新的Nash均衡.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.