家庭策略视角下的香港-内地跨境家庭维系——基于香港内地移民的实证研究

基于对香港内地移民的实地调查,文章运用定性研究方法首先分析了两地间跨境家庭的形成;其次考察了跨境家庭在维系过程中体现出来的能动性：最后指出跨境家庭作为一种社会现象在近几十年还将继续存在。     

编辑部声明

《南方人口》2008年第4期(2008月10月15日发行)刊登了中山大学社会学与社会工作系博士生罗小峰的来稿:"家庭策略视角下的香港-内地跨境家庭维系——基于香港内地移民的实     

“北-南”迁移的“舒适物”:以香港地区赴内地跨境人口为例CSSCI

本研究从“舒适物”的视角,以香港地区赴内地跨境人口为例,探讨了影响“北-南”跨境流动的特征和动力。研究发现,疫情前香港地区赴内地的跨境流动有流量大、频率高、逗留时间和流动距离较短等特征。制度、社会和文化的“舒适物”是影响“北-南”跨境流动的主要因素。跨境福利制度、置业机会和社会网络是促进跨境流动的主要动力,公共安全的欠缺则妨碍了跨境流动。发展“社会的”基础设施,如衔接两地福利制度,提升人才引进政策和服务,提供更多的置业机会、发展两地居民的社会网络将有助于香港地区居民融入内地,促进粤港澳大湾区区域整合。     

香港地区家庭住户结构变迁的探讨

过去几十年,香港家庭住户结构发生了很大变化,其主要特征为小规模的核心家庭化趋向。这些变化与生育、死亡、迁移以及婚姻行为等人口因素的变动息息相关。文章采用人口学的方法对香港家庭住户的结构变迁以及相应的人口过程进行了探讨,分析人口因素在香港家庭住户变迁中所发挥的作用。     

网络与阶层的双重区隔——内地优才在港融入网络的差异

1990年代以来经济的纵深转型导致香港发展所需人才严重不足,政府逐步推出人才引进计划,内地优才为了实现其"香港梦",源源不断赴港工作。本研究发现,内地优才在融入香港生活过程中出现了双重区隔的状况:首先,内地优才有选择性地融入不同的网络,情感化的"大陆圈子"与工具化的本地网络二者区隔开来,这是文化惯习使然,亦是内地优才维持个人优势的潜在条件;其次,内地优才处于职业阶层的中上层,在客观位置上与主观阶层品味上都区分于其他内地新移民及香港本地底层;这二者交叉互动,使内地优才成为"孤立"的群体,难以建立对香港的归属感和认同感。文末,笔者认为进一步加快两地社会经济的融合是解决双重区隔问题的根本前提。     

在内地工作的香港人口与管理问题

改革开放以来大量香港人口进入内地工作 ,并且数量迅速上升 ,这批人口以中年男性为主 ,在职业上以经理及行政管理和专业及辅助人员为主体 ,在内地工作时间特点是短期、来往频度高。香港与内地的人口交往频繁 ,产生的一个效应就是两性间的交往大幅度上升 ,在一定程度上引发香港居民在内地的登记婚姻以外的子女问题。要及早关注在内地工作和居住的香港人口管理问题。     

移民与香港的发展

背景 1997—07—01,中国政府恢复对香港行使主权,香港这颗东方之珠,在经历百年的沧桑和屈辱之后,又回到了祖国的怀抱。为了庆祝和纪念这一中华民族历史上的盛事,本刊特推出本期“人口与发展论坛”,来探讨香港的发展与前景。香港的繁荣与发展、香港奇迹的出现,与祖国内地有着密切的关系。香港是一个移民社会,移民在香港的发展过程中起着举足轻重的作用,因此本期论坛将着眼于祖国内地去往香港的移民:过去的趋势与特征,香港回归以后带来的影响及前景,移民对香港发展起着怎样的作用等。希望通过这次讨论,能推动对香港的了解,促进对香港人口问题的认识与研究。     

家庭变迁、家庭政策演进与中国家庭政策构建

从中国家庭变迁和中国家庭政策演进两个方面,以西方发达国家和中国为视角,对中国自20世纪80年代起至今30多年来家庭政策研究进行梳理、总结和分析,提出构建中国家庭政策的建议。中国家庭呈现出核心、主干、联合家庭此消彼长、波动往复的变迁特点,“家本位”价值观占主导地位;同时中国现有家庭政策体现出概念范围宽泛、目标指向含蓄、补救型模式的三大主要特征,也表现出“家庭主义”、“去家庭化”和两者平衡的三阶段演进历程。未来中国家庭政策的构建要围绕中国家庭的两大特点———稳健的“主干家庭”和绵延的“家本位”价值观念,以平衡的发展型家庭政策为取向,向政策概念范围精准、目标指向明确、系统普惠型模式的方向发展。     

电子家庭——家庭的新模式

电子家庭是随着电子化和数字化的发展而逐渐出现并兴起的一种新型的家庭模式,技术革命、价值观的变化等导致了电子家庭的出现和兴起,也引起了我们对家庭的明天的探讨。     

个人所得税改革、家庭间接税负与家庭生育决策

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)和《2018年全国投入产出表》数据，采用倾向值得分匹配、双重差分法、联立方程模型，从全面的家庭税负角度出发，对个人所得税减免、家庭间接税负对家庭生育决策的影响进行分析。研究发现，受到个人所得税改革冲击的家庭生育二孩的概率比未受冲击的家庭高19.4%,个税改革对家庭生育具有正向激励作用；家庭个税减免额度越高，个税改革的生育促进效应越强，并且高孩次相对于低孩次对个税减免更敏感；家庭间接税负对家庭生育行为有一定的抑制作用，生活必需品间接税率应进一步降低以增强低收入家庭的孩子生养能力。研究表明，推动税收政策改革是促进生育政策和相关经济社会政策配套衔接的重要环节，在税改过程中应充分重视税收制度调整对家庭生育决策的影响。     

Investigating the differential mobility experiences of Chinese cross-border students

Recent migration studies have adopted the lens of mobility to examine the stratifying effects of border policies, but few investigate the differential mobility of migrant families and children. This paper aims to contribute to the migration literature by considering the interplay between border policies, family configurations, and differential mobility. We apply the lens of differential mobility to the experiences of Chinese cross-border pupils – young child migrants with Hong Kong permanent residency who reside in Shenzhen, China, and cross the border to attend school. We begin by describing shifts in Hong Kong’s border and immigration policies since 1997, which have created a typology of families differentiated by mixed status, citizenship rights, and mobility. We then turn to four case studies of students with unequal border-crossing experiences to elucidate how border control constrains or promotes family mobility and perpetuates inequalities.     

Trends in Child Poverty in Hong Kong Immigrant Families

In Hong Kong, child poverty is a serious social problem which may lead to intergenerational poverty, but nevertheless only a few studies have examined this issue, particularly for immigrant families. Using Census data (5 %) from 1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011, we assessed child poverty rates in the past three decades and identified key variables contributing to changes in the risk of child poverty for both immigrant and local families. Our results indicate that child poverty rates in Hong Kong-born families have fluctuated between 14.3 and 15.8 % over the past three decades, while for immigrant families they have increased steadily and substantially from 18.1 % in 1981 to 36.5 % in 2001 and then to 37.5 % in 2011. We show that the increase in immigrant child poverty is associated with changes in the Hong Kong economy that have made it more difficult for such families to adapt to the host society, especially in the 1990s and that this negative effect offset the positive influence of compositional changes among this group of immigrant families in terms of parental education levels and family size. The gap between immigrant and local families in terms of child poverty risk is mainly due to the fact that during the 1990s the negative effect of contextual changes in Hong Kong was cancelled out by the beneficial impact of compositional changes for local families, but not for immigrant families where the latter effect was minimal.     

Hong Kong: The Family Planning Association continues its pioneering role

Vital population statistics for Hong Kong are mentioned. The 1st efforts at providing birth control services in Hong Kong began in 1936 with the Eugenics League. The League was reorganized and formed into the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong (FPAHK) in 1950. The government began providing family planning services in 1974. Although there is no governmental incentive/disincentive policy, certain laws and practices do have the effect of encouraging population growth limitation. These are described. The FPAHK directs its efforts toward motivational activities. The Association is encouraging the concept of male responsibility for family planning. Personal visits to fisherfolk families have been instituted to combat their tendencies toward large families. Various separate activities of the government program and the FPAHK are discussed.     

Psychological Stress and Parenting Behavior Among Chinese Families: Findings from a Study on Parent Education for Economically Disadvantaged Families

With the recognition of the crucial role of family and with the belief that parents have the greatest influence on a child’s life, family and parent education has been widely practiced in Hong Kong and many other countries as measure for poverty alleviation. A study, employed quantitative method of a cross-sectional parent survey (N = 10,386) was conducted to comprehend needs and parenting practice of poor families, and to identify appropriate strategies to promote family and parent education in Hong Kong. Regression analysis was used to investigate the association between family variables, psychological stress and parenting behavior. The study identified five categories of disadvantaged families and salient factors that distinguished families from the normal population based on the findings of discriminant analysis. Moreover, data indicates that family relationship and social networks are protective factors to economically disadvantaged families, whereas sense of powerlessness amplifies the negative effects of low income. Base on the findings, the paper suggests that strategies for poverty alleviation that focus purely on parenting or parent education are fragmented and fail to address the complexity of poverty as a social issue. A holistic perspective that goes beyond the scope of parent education to support families, adopting a family perspective in poverty-alleviation work and service provision, and addressing barriers constrain parenting are the future service directions.     

Familial Effect on Child Poverty in Hong Kong Immigrant Families

This study investigated how family context affect poverty disparities between young children of immigrants from the Mainland China and children of local families whose parents were born in Hong Kong using 2006 bicensus data. 12,609 and 12,753 children of immigrant and local families were included in our data analyses. We find higher child poverty rates in immigrant families than in local families. Moreover, we found that family structure (single-parent vs. 2-parent), assimilation (first vs. second generation children of immigrant families), and parental human capital characteristics are significantly associated with the child poverty risk. Surprisingly, the impact of immigrant status on child poverty rates is stronger in 2-parent households than in single-parent households while child poverty declines associated with increasing assimilation defined by generational status of children are greater in 2-parent immigrant families than the corresponding declines in single-parent immigrant families. The implications of our results in intergenerational poverty are discussed.     

Measuring Child Poverty in Hong Kong: Sensitivity to the Choice of Equivalence Scale

In September 2013, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region established Hong Kong’s first official poverty line. The new poverty line is used as a major yardstick in social welfare policy formulation and in the allocation of public resources aimed at combating poverty; despite its importance, however, its robustness has not been examined. Using data from the 2011 Population Census, we examined the robustness of the official poverty line in measuring child poverty in Hong Kong through assessing the sensitivity of child poverty measures to the choice of different equivalence scales. The results show that the child poverty profile in Hong Kong is generally not sensitive to the choice of equivalence scale and that the official poverty line correctly identifies those children who live in poverty. Rates of child poverty among boys and girls of different ages, with different family backgrounds and living in households with different compositions, were calculated and ranked using different equivalence scales; these rankings were found to be very similar to those yielded by the official poverty measure. Thus, the choice of adult equivalence scale does not favour any subgroup. We also examined the child poverty profile in Hong Kong based on the official poverty measure and with our 2011 census data. We found that the children in our sample were more likely than the adults to live in poverty household; that more than half of the children who lived in poverty belonged to working poor families; and that children living in public housing were particularly likely to suffer from severe poverty. In light of these findings, we urge the government to prioritise taking measures aimed at lifting children out of poverty.     

Perceived Family Life Quality in Junior Secondary School Students in Hong Kong

The present longitudinal study examined perceived family functioning and related socio-demographic correlates from the perspective of adolescents in Hong Kong. Results showed that adolescent perceptions of family functioning based on different indicators gradually deteriorated over time. Regarding the socio-demographic correlates, (a) boys had more favourable perceived family functioning than did girls; (b) adolescents from non-intact families had poorer perceived family functioning than those from intact families; and (c) economically disadvantaged adolescents had poorer perceived family functioning than non-economically disadvantaged adolescents. Results also revealed that adolescents’ perceived family functioning was positively related to positive youth development. Analyses further indicated that perceived family functioning and positive youth development were concurrently and longitudinally related.     

Hong Kong: women's club movement expanding

2 more women's clubs have been opened by the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong following the success of the 1st such club at Yue Taipo organized in September 1970. The 2nd club is located at the Hing Shing Temporary Housing Area in Kwai Chung and caters to new residents. The 3rd, established January 4, 1980, is located at the Fortune Street Temporary Housing Area in Cheung Sha Wan. The overall aim of these clubs is to give a boost to the quality of family life through organized educational and recreational facilities. Activities at both clubs were initiated by formal opening ceremonies presided over by representatives of the Housing Estates and Family Planning Association. Welcoming wellwishers at each ceremony, Mrs. Peggy Lam, Acting Director of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong; drew attention to the important contribution made by family planning to the well being of families. It was through the wise planning of their families that parents were provided with ample time and energy for the upbringing of chilren, said Mrs. Lam. The activities of the women's clubs include instruction on traditional women's activities, and talks on sanitation, childrearing, interpersonal relations, nutrition, and permanent contraception. Mrs. Lam felt that the fact that 79% of married women of childbearing age in Hing Shing were practicing family planning was most encouraging.     

Domestic Outsourcing in an Ultra-Low Fertility Context: Employing Live-in Domestic Help and Fertility in Hong Kong

The fertility rate in Hong Kong has been very low for decades. Because work–family conflict is one of the major barriers for married couples in actualizing their fertility ideals, domestic outsourcing that relieves women from the burden of domestic labor may help reduce the gap between ideal and actual fertility. Hiring live-in domestic helpers, who co-reside with the hiring families and work on a full-time basis, is gaining popularity in Hong Kong. However, past studies neither inside nor outside of East Asia have examined how employing live-in helpers affects fertility. This study investigates the relationship between live-in helpers and fertility by analyzing retrospective event-history data we collected from a representative survey of married couples in Hong Kong (n?=?1697). Our results show that married couples employing live-in helpers tend to have more children than couples not employing live-in helpers. Specifically, the practice is associated with higher odds of first childbirth and of second childbirth, with no evidence of a positive effect beyond bearing a second child. The findings have implications for other East Asian societies, which share similar backgrounds of ultra-low fertility rates, rising female labor force participation rates, rigid gender inequalities in domestic labor, and demanding work cultures.