论企业经营困难时期非正式组织的管理

企业中存在非正式组织,而这种非正式组织对于企业的管理会有一定的负面作用,尤其是企业出现经营困难的时候。因此,对于非正式组织的引导和管理是重要的。因为非正式组织既有它正向的功能,但同样对于正式组织的运行会有负面的影响,本文所体现出的主要是非正式组织对于企业正常经营和生产的冲击,尤其是当企业运营遇到困难时对非正式组织的管理。     

浅谈企业对非正式组织领导艺术的利用

自美国的管理学家梅奥经过著名的“霍桑实验”提出非正式组织的概念后，非正式组织多年来得到人们的广泛关注。作为在企业组织中广泛存在的形式，非正式组织对企业的发展起到了一定的积极作用，也产生相应的负面影响。本文试图从企业领导的视角，探讨合理利用非正式组织领导的艺术。     

浅谈对项目团队的非正式组织管理

本文分析了非正式组织存在于建筑企业的项目团队中是有其一定的原因，并论述了非正式组织对项目团队的积极影响和消极影响，最后提出了管理者如何处理与非正式组织关系的一些策略。     

网络嵌入、组织学习与资源承诺的协同演进——基于3家外贸企业转型的案例研究

本文基于国际化过程理论,对3家外贸企业的转型问题进行案例分析。研究发现了实体化、服务化和制造服务一体化3种主要的转型路径;网络嵌入、组织学习和资源承诺是国际化转型的关键要素,并在国际化转型过程中相互作用,协同演进;在不同转型路径中3个关键要素的表现形式和作用机制不同:实体化转型路径中,企业网络演进主要表现为结构嵌入,通过探索式学习来获取客观知识,市场承诺水平更高;服务化转型路径中,网络演进表现为关系嵌入,通过利用式学习获取经验知识,关系承诺水平更高;制造—服务一体化路径中企业需要3个关键要素的协同支持。本研究基于我国外贸企业转型情境深化了国际化过程模型,提炼出外贸企业转型的理论框架和创新路径。     

集群自组织的复杂网络仿真研究

集群演进过程是一个很难进行实证研究的问题,影响因素的复杂性以及动态数据的匮乏严重制约了对集群演进的定量研究.基于传统管理理论和方法的局限性,尝试从复杂理论角度研究集群演进过程.首先认为集群演进实质上是自组织过程,然后再通过复杂网络聚类系数、度分布、平均路径长度、网络的时效和质量等指标,采用仿真模拟方法对集群自组织过程进行了量化研究.主要结论有:(1)在集群自组织过程中,企业会首先利用地理位置的优势广泛地与群内其他企业接触,通过不断学习过程,从而建立相对稳定的交流圈层;(2)给定企业不同的能力,每个企业所享受到的集群优势是有差异性的,而同一集群内部企业在自组织过程中会逐步产生趋同性;(3)集群自组织过程是企业总体从无序逐步到有序的自发过程,企业与环境之间,以及企业与企业之间都会呈现出相互适应而逐步稳定的趋势.     

非正式组织与行政组织文化相融的探析

非正式组织的概念最早由美国哈佛大学教授梅奥通过霍桑实验于20世纪30年代首次提出来。社会系统学派创始者巴纳德在此基础上,通过将非正式组织与正式组织联系起来研究,建立了非正式组织的理论体系,指出非正式组织与正式组织相伴而生、相互依存、相互影响。在行政组织中也自然存在着非正式组织,巴纳德的非正式理论在现代行政管理学中同样具有深远的启示作用。     

初论产业结构自组织机制的演进

产业结构是开放的、非平衡性的、各要素间非线性作用和涨落的复杂的空间组织系统,并具有自组织能力和自组织机制系统特性。本文试从自组织理论及系统、产业结构自组织机制的演进条件、产业结构自组织机制的演进特征、产业结构自组织的演进机制、产业结构自组织的演进机理和产业结构自组织机制演进的路径选择等方面,以自组织的方法论为基础,把产业结构的演进看作是一个复杂的自组织演进的系统过程,沿着产业结构自身的发展演进脉络,进行了初浅论述,以加强对该问题的认识和探讨。     

组织公民行为对非正式组织行为的引导

非正式组织广泛存在于社会群体和社会组织中,非正式组织行为对正式组织发挥着正面或负面的影响。本文通过对组织公民行为与非正式组织行为二者的比较,来分析如何有效引导非正式组织行为,使非正式组织在正式组织中发挥积极的作用。     

研究生中非正式组织的影响及其管理策略

目前经研究发现,随着研究生的逐年扩招,非正式组织在研究生群体中是普遍存在的,他们给研究生的教育管理工作带来了一系列新的问题,同样也对研究生的学习和生活有着重要影响,因此有必要对研究生中的非正式组织进行研究。本文主要从理论层面上着重分析了非正式组织对研究生的影响,并进而提出了对研究生非正式组织的管理策略。     

非正式组织理论视域下的高校学生组织发展对策研究

高校非正式学生组织对正式学生组织有特殊意义,处理二者间关系须综合考虑高校学生的特点。本文基于高校正式学生组织的发展现状及非正式组织的特点,对发挥非正式组织的积极影响促进正式组织的发展进行了探讨。     

The entanglement of leader character and leader competence and its impact on performance

Whereas the micro- and macro-oriented leadership literatures have often studied leader competencies necessary for effective performance, the role of leader character in relation to competencies and performance has been to a large extent neglected. Our work seeks to shift the scholarly dialogue by introducing the concept of character-competence entanglement, which reflects the binding between character and competence over time. The highest degree of entanglement represents the deep and more persistent interconnection and mutually-reinforcing effect between highly-developed leader character and highly-developed leader competence, whereas in cases of low entanglement, character can be activated temporarily in a particular context to help strengthen the relationship between competence and performance. Our core proposition is that high character-competence entanglement will lead to extraordinary performance over time. In addition, we emphasize that relying on naturally-occurring learning opportunities and the processes of “learning-by-living” both outside and inside the organization will positively impact the development of character-competence entanglement.     

Dynamic capabilities and employee participation: The role of trust and informal control

While burgeoning research has shown the relevance of dynamic capabilities in terms of managers identifying and pursuing business opportunities, much less is known about the role of involving employees without managerial status in those activities. In this paper, we examine the impact of employee participation on the enactment of dynamic capabilities. The results of our survey-based linear regression analysis show that employee participation is positively related to the dynamic capabilities of a firm. Furthermore, we hypothesize and find that managers can facilitate employee participation through both trust in and informal control of subordinates. Our findings also suggest a positive relationship between informal control and dynamic capabilities, and point to employee participation as a mediator in the relationship between trust and dynamic capabilities. Our results extend the literature on dynamic capabilities by highlighting and demonstrating the important role of employee participation in identifying and pursuing business opportunities through dynamic capabilities as well as the relevance of trust and informal control therein.     

非正式创新网络结构仿真研究

非正式创新网络对于组织创新能力的提高具有重要意义,特别是我国社会具有充满"人情"味的特征,研究非正式创新网络更具有重要的现实意义.在对非正式创新网络的概念和研究现状进行分析梳理的基础之上,对非正式创新网络建立计算机仿真模型.初步研究了非正式创新网络的结构特征.发现非正式创新网络同时具有小世界以及无标度特性.     

非正式控制对销售人员绩效和客户关系质量的影响

正式控制的局限性、企业对客户关系的重视以及销售人员素质的提高,使得企业越发重视销售人员的非正式控制,但是关于非正式控制对销售人员绩效和客户关系质量影响的研究还较少,非正式控制时销售人员绩效和客户关系质量的作用机制与作用效果还没有得到有效验证.本文在理论分析的基础上,建立了非正式控制影响销售人员绩效和客户关系质量的概念模型和研究假设,并进行了实证检验.结果表明:非正式控制对绩效既有直接影响,也有间接影响,其中间接影响的中介变量为角色明晰性:非正式控制只能通过角色明晰性和情感性承诺对客户关系质量产生间接影响,而对客户关系质量的直接影响不显著.非正式控制对角色明晰性、情感性承诺、绩效、客户关系质量影响的总效应分别为0.38、0.51、0.48、0.48.实证研究结果为企业强化销售人员的非正式控制提供了理论支撑,对其他员工管理控制的研究与实践也具有借鉴意义.     

The Informal ‘Guanxi’ Institutional Culture of the Malaysian Housing Development Industry

There has been limited understanding of the relationship between private developers and the housing delivery mechanism in Malaysia. This paper seeks to bridge the research gap by analysing the social relationships and informal institutions embedded in the Malaysian housing development industry. Empirical data were collected for Kuala Lumpur and Johor to compare and contrast developers’ views and their working relationships with government departments. Informed by various arguments that ‘guanxi’ can reduce transaction costs and supplement/complement the formal legal regime, this paper examines the ways developers are engaged in such transaction cost reduction activities. Policy and theoretical implications of the informal cultural practice in the housing development industry are then drawn out.     

董事会非正式层级与高管薪酬契约有效性

董事会治理是影响高管薪酬契约有效性的关键,已有研究主要从董事会结构层面展开,缺乏对董事会内部运作机制与高管薪酬契约有效性关系的具体分析。基于董事权威不平衡性的治理效应视角,系统考察了董事会非正式层级与高管薪酬契约有效性的逻辑关系及其作用机理,得出了一些具有重要价值的结论,主要包括:1.董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬业绩敏感性具有显著的负向调节作用,且主要体现在业绩下滑的样本公司中,表明董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬契约的影响主要体现在公平性和风险匹配性方面。2.只有当最高层级董事身份为独立董事时,董事会非正式层级对高管薪酬业绩敏感性具有显著的负向调节效应。3.董事会非正式层级增强了高管薪酬的行业和地区薪酬敏感性,进一步验证了董事会非正式层级的社会公平效应。论文的研究为从微观运作层面理解董事会治理和高管薪酬契约有效性提供一种新的视角和结论,对于优化董事会治理和提高高管薪酬契约有效性等均具有重要借鉴意义。     

Leadership behaviors and group creativity in Chinese organizations: The role of group processes

In seeking to understand the factors contributing to work group creativity in Chinese organizations, we explored the roles of two different leadership styles (transformational and authoritarian) that Chinese leaders play in group creativity through influencing internal group processes, i.e., collective efficacy and knowledge sharing among group members. We tested our hypotheses with a sample of 163 work groups involving 973 employees in twelve Chinese companies. We found transformational leadership to relate positively but authoritarian leadership to relate negatively to group creativity, mediated by both collective efficacy and knowledge sharing among members within the group. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on group leadership, group creativity and cross-cultural management.     

SMALL PANELS OF EXPERTS IN DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE SITUATIONS*

This paper analyzes an expert resolution problem under an uncertain dichotomous choice situation. The experts share a common system of norms and therefore they all prefer the alternative that best suits their purpose. The selection of such an alternative is referred to as a correct choice. Our analysis of optimal decision rules for panels of independent experts is pursued for n-member decision-making bodies, n≤ 5. The suggested optimality criterion is the maximization of the probability of the panel's making the correct choice. Within our framework, this criterion is equivalent to the more common criterion of expected-utility maximization. For three-member panels of experts, the expert resolution problem is solved and illustrated by means of a medical application. For four-member panels, we list the three relevant decision rules, specify the conditions for all possible rankings of these rules, and, finally, present an extended consulting application. We conclude by listing seven relevant decision rules in the case of five-member decision-making bodies.     

An Interactive Framework for Multi-Person,Multiobjective Decisions

Group decision making in the presence of multiple conflicting objectives is complex and difficult. This paper describes and evaluates an iterative technique to facilitate multiple objective decision making by multiple decision makers. The proposed method augments an interactive multiobjective optimization procedure with a preference ranking tool and a consensus ranking heuristic. Two multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) solution approaches, the SIMOLP method of Reeves and Franz [39] and the interactive weighted Tchebycheff procedure of Steuer and Choo [49], are recommended optimization strategies to be used independently or in concert. Computational experience suggests that the proposed framework is an effective decision-making tool. The procedure quickly located excellent compromise solutions in a series of test problems with hypothetical decision makers. In addition, human decision makers gave positive evaluations of the procedure and the production plans the procedure provided for a resource allocation case problem.     

Insights from Attempts to Validate a Multi-Attribute Model of Problem Definition Quality

Problem definitions are often used as part of the problem structuring process in decision sciences. We report an attempt to validate a multi-attribute model of problem definition quality in the context of an experiment based upon the definition of the ‘alcohol problem’ on a campus. Three independent raters assessed values for the attributes of the model for 57 written problem definitions, and their rating was compared to three subjective ‘expert’ ratings made by individuals with some responsibility for alcohol policy. Our study shows that the experts exhibited considerable stakeholder bias in their assessments of the definitions, suggesting that a definition that is evaluated as good may not be subjectively acceptable to others. We present some evidence that the best definitions are those that provide direction with regard to solution, neither suggesting firm solutions to the problem nor being too open-ended. It is shown that the multi-attribute model is a reasonable tool for eliminating poorer definitions. Further, we relate our work to recent conceptual developments in understanding problem definition.