马尔可夫转换模型的极大似然估计的算法

由金融和经济时间序列,文章引入了马尔可夫转换模型并详细给出其原理--隐藏马尔可夫模型,以及在条件高斯下的极大似然估计方法.通过引入新的模型--扩张隐藏马尔可夫模型,对多种状态转移的情形下的极大似然估计量的算法进行了改进.     

线性回归模型的后验极大似然估计

与普通最小二乘法相比,线性模型参数的极大似然估计,在一般的条件下也具有很好的性质;而实际中,在进行统计推断之前,我们往往对参数的信息有一定把握。文章将利用参数的先验信息即先验分布,构造了线性模型参数的后验极大似然估计,并在两种先验分布的情形,给出了具体的结果。     

向量误差修正模型的建立及实证

文文章介绍了四种向量自回归模型识别的方法;分析了每种识别方法的输出形式,并给出变量间协整检验的方法;分析了五种不同的向量误差修正模型;最后利用SAS统计软件对建立误差修正模型进行了实例验证.     

广义矩估计的延伸——广义经验似然估计

从广义矩估计(GMM)到广义经验似然估计(GEL)的发展,是由于GMM估计量小样本性质的不足,促使人们寻求方法的改进和拓展。通过必要的证明和推导,详细解析GEL类估计量(包括EL,ET,CUE)的逻辑关系和数理结构,认识GEL的内在本质,并运用随机模拟方法证实了在小样本场合GEL类估计量比GMM估计量具有更小的估计偏差和均方误差,即GEL类估计改进了GMM估计的小样本性质。     

乘积模型的最小二乘相对误差估计

文章提出了一种基于最小二乘准则下的乘积模型的相对误差估计方法.该方法的目标函数是光滑的凸函数,所得到的估计量具有强相合性和渐进正态性,估计量的渐进方差可以用插入法直接估计.模拟结果显示所提方法与其他同类方法比较具有一定的优势.     

季节指数的极大似然估计

文章探索运用数理统计的极大似然估计法计算季节指数,得出的计算公式与传统的算术方法完全一致,从直观上保持了与传统算法的衔接性,又可以得出季节指数的区间估计,提高了季节指数计算的完备性.     

浅谈极大似然估计的教学方法

在数理统计中,当随机变量X的分布类型已知时,一个很重要的问题就是要对分布中所含的参数θ进行估计,即所谓的参数估计。在参数估计方法中有一种常用的点估计方法——极大似然估计方法（以下简称极大似然估计）。该方法最早是由高斯（C.F.Gauss）提出来的,后来费雷（R.A.Fisher）在1912年又重新提出该方法,并证明了该方法的一些优良性质。极大似然估计方法的背后有着非常朴素的哲理,但是,如果不把握其精髓,则很难让初学者理解和接受。笔者在多年从事概率与数理统计教学中发现,这部分既是数理统计（参数估计）教学中的一个难点又是重点。     

随机效应半参数logit模型的惩罚似然估计研究

 在颇具争议的收入差距和健康关系研究中,为了降低可能存在的模型设定和遗漏变量偏误,本文提出了随机效应半参数logit模型,其中非参数的设定还可用于数据的初探性分析。随后本文提出了模型非参数和参数部分的估计方法。这里涉及的难点是随机效应的存在导致似然函数中的积分没有解析式,而非参数的存在更加大了估计难度。本文基于惩罚样条非参数估计方法和四阶Laplace近似方法建立了惩罚对数似然函数,其最大化采用了Newton_Raphson近似方法。文章还建立了惩罚样条中重要光滑参数的选取准则。模型在收入差距和健康实例中的估计结果表明数据支持收入差距弱假说,且非参数估计结果表明其具有U型形式,与实例估计结果的比较指出本文提出的估计方法是较准确的。     

带线性误差的部分线性EV模型的经验似然推断

部分线性EV模型是经典的部分线性模型的推广,在此模型中,假定误差是线性过程.文章把经验似然方法推广到带线性误差的部分线性EV模型,提出了调整的经验对数似然比,并建立了非参数的Wilks定理.     

极大似然估计的间接求法

文章给出了全样本和定数截尾样本场合下求参数极大似然估计的间接方法,并举例说明了该方法的可行性和简便性。     

Model Selection for Vector Autoregressive Processes via Adaptive Lasso

Determination of the best subset is an important step in vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling. Traditional methods either conduct subset selection and parameter estimation separately or compute expensively. In this article, we propose a VAR model selection procedure using adaptive Lasso, for it is computational efficient and can select subset and estimate parameters simultaneously. By proper choice of tuning parameters, we can choose the correct subset and obtain the asymptotic normality of the non zero parameters. Simulation studies and real data analysis show that adaptive Lasso performs better than existing methods in VAR model fitting and prediction.     

基于吉伯斯样本生成器的向量自回归模型选择

内容提要：向量自回归模型是多元时间序列分析中最常用的方法之一。在建立模型的过程中模型选择是非常重要的一个环节,如果候选模型不是很多时,可以通过比较每个模型的准则值如AIC、AICc、BIC或HQ进行模型选择。可是,当存在大量候选模型时,我们无法一一比较每个模型的准则值。为了解决这个问题,本文提出一个基于吉伯斯样本生成器的向量自回归模型选择方法,结果表明应用该方法能够从大量候选模型中准确、高效地确认准则值最小的模型。     

Variable Selection for Support Vector Machines

Consider using values of variables X ₁, X ₂,…, X _p to classify entities into one of two classes. Kernel-based procedures such as support vector machines (SVMs) are well suited for this task. In general, the classification accuracy of SVMs can be substantially improved if instead of all p candidate variables, a smaller subset of (say m) variables is used. A new two-step approach to variable selection for SVMs is therefore proposed: best variable subsets of size k = 1,2,…, p are first identified, and then a new data-dependent criterion is used to determine a value for m. The new approach is evaluated in a Monte Carlo simulation study, and on a sample of data sets.     

Polynomial Regression and Estimating Functions in the Presence of Multiplicative Measurement Error

We consider the polynomial regression model in the presence of multiplicative measurement error in the predictor. Two general methods are considered, with the methods differing in their assumptions about the distributions of the predictor and the measurement errors. Consistent parameter estimates and asymptotic standard errors are derived by using estimating equation theory. Diagnostics are presented for distinguishing additive and multiplicative measurement error. Data from a nutrition study are analysed by using the methods. The results from a simulation study are presented and the performances of the methods are compared.     

The Covariance Inflation Criterion for Adaptive Model Selection

We propose a new criterion for model selection in prediction problems. The covariance inflation criterion adjusts the training error by the average covariance of the predictions and responses, when the prediction rule is applied to permuted versions of the data set. This criterion can be applied to general prediction problems (e.g. regression or classification) and to general prediction rules (e.g. stepwise regression, tree-based models and neural nets). As a by-product we obtain a measure of the effective number of parameters used by an adaptive procedure. We relate the covariance inflation criterion to other model selection procedures and illustrate its use in some regression and classification problems. We also revisit the conditional bootstrap approach to model selection.     

Multiplicative Algorithms for Maximum Penalized Likelihood Inversion with Non Negative Constraints and Generalized Error Distributions

In many linear inverse problems the unknown function f (or its discrete approximation Θ _p×1), which needs to be reconstructed, is subject to the non negative constraint(s); we call these problems the non negative linear inverse problems (NNLIPs). This article considers NNLIPs. However, the error distribution is not confined to the traditional Gaussian or Poisson distributions. We adopt the exponential family of distributions where Gaussian and Poisson are special cases. We search for the non negative maximum penalized likelihood (NNMPL) estimate of Θ. The size of Θ often prohibits direct implementation of the traditional methods for constrained optimization. Given that the measurements and point-spread-function (PSF) values are all non negative, we propose a simple multiplicative iterative algorithm. We show that if there is no penalty, then this algorithm is almost sure to converge; otherwise a relaxation or line search is necessitated to assure its convergence.     

灰色GM(1,1)幂模型初始条件的组合优化

针对GM(1,1)幂模型求解初始条件的优化问题,提出一种基于原始序列新旧信息的线性组合优化方法.在模拟误差平方和最小化的目标下,构建初始条件组合权重的优化模型,给出最优组合权重的解析式.最后以中国高中升学率的数据为例,验证了此优化模型的有效性和优越性.结果表明初始条件优化方法能够有效地平衡新旧信息的权重,并提高GM(1,1)幂模型的模拟和预测精度.     

The Multiplicative Definition of Interaction

The theory of the multiplicative definition of second order interaction is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the correlations in the marginal two-dimensional distributions are found for the existence of a “perfect” set of probabilities. Some progress is reported on the proof of the uniqueness of the multiplicative set of probabilities for a given set of two-dimensional distributions. The multiplicative property of such sets is preserved under pooling of marginal sets only in trivial cases, and so the multiplicative definition cannot be said to be a straightforward generalization from the definition of no interaction in two-dimensional distributions.     

基于极值理论与藤式Copula模型的多市场投组合选择

文章选取能源类资产、股票、黄金以及美元等六种资产作为研究对象,借助藤式Copula模型,结合极值理论,通过研究不同类型市场的金融资产间的相依性和组合波动风险,以检验藤式Copula模型对投资组合在险价值预测的效果.     

Model Selection for Complex Multilevel Latent Class Model

Multilevel latent class analysis is conducive to providing more effective information on both individual and group typologies. However, model selection issues still need further investigation. Current study probed into issue of high-level class numeration for a more complex model using AIC, AIC3, BIC, and BIC*. Data simulation was conducted and its result was verified by empirical data. The result demonstrated that these criteria have a certain inclination relative to sample sizes. Sample size per group plays an evident role in improving accuracy of AIC3 and BIC. The complex model requires more sample size per group to ensure accurate class numeration.