诗意的"外化"与"内化"——传统文化对犯人人格改造的价值

文化改造将会取代劳动改造，成为犯人改造的主流方法。依照文化解释的手法去“教育”犯人，重塑犯人文化人格，将对其教育改造开辟新的有效路径。一是用“外化”“入世”的理想人格确立其积极进取的人生价值取向；二是用“内化”“出世”的人格精神使其淡泊名利、顺其自然并懂得接纳与珍惜，以净化心灵；三是用诗歌小说戏剧的美学人格打造诗意的人格理想。如此，犯人的灵魂改造可以获得更大的成功     

启蒙的意义与现代性的合理性--福柯的"现代性的态度"

福柯将现代哲学的本质视为对“什么是启蒙”这一问题的回答。从根本上说,他对启蒙所持的是一种肯定的态度,认为它对当代哲学具有根本意义。福柯把他的“现代性态度”归结为一种“哲学的质疑”,亦即“批判性质询”的品格。虽然他不满于“理性”的专断,对它的压制非理性有着尖锐的批评,但仍肯定理性所具有的“自我创造”性,以及由此产生的体现在科学文化、技术装备、政治组织等方面的“合理性”形式。     

“权威型”家庭及其青春期子女

曾几何时,患有精神疾病的青少年大多来自破碎家庭和社会经济地位低下的阶层;可现在,这类患者却常常出自富有的、受过良好教育的、尚属稳定的家庭。下面,我们来探讨一下“权威型”家庭的特点、动态和如何解决这类家庭的“疾病”问题。一、“权威型”人格与“权威型”家庭关于“权威型”人格的基本特点,最初是由阿多诺在《权威型人格》这本手册中提出来的。此后,其他人又进一步对权威型人格作了界定。概括各种著作中的观点,“权威型”人格的主要特征可从下列四方面去认识:(1)权力导向;(2)对分歧见;(3)情感和智力僵化刻板;(4)服从权威。下面就分别来解释这些特点。     

新民理论与近代理想人格

培养理想人格,是中国哲学的特色之一。中国古代讲求培养理想人格,是集中体现封建伦常道德的圣贤或大儒,是人伦之师,万世楷模。近代则要求有一种全新的理想人格。严复的“鼓民力、开民智、新民德”的三民说,提出培养新的理想人格的基本内容和措施。梁启超继承了严复的思想主张,提出“新民”说。他所说的“新民”,实际上就是资产阶级的、新的理想人格。 一、问题的提出:“新民为今日中国第一急务” 鸦片战争的隆隆炮声击碎了中国天朝大国的沉沉睡梦。从此,中国开始了近代化的历程。围绕着救亡图存这个时代主题,先进的中国人开始了寻找救国救民…     

加谬的《鼠疫》和存在主义

本文认为，加缪在他的代表作《鼠疫》中，集中体现了其存在哲学的积极方面，他的要义在于“自由选择”和“诉诸行为”，是继续对“西西弗精神”的颂扬，对“自由主体”的“人格力量”的召唤。“虚无与荒诞”是现代西方人生存环境的范本，通常人们也用以作为确认存在哲学消极、宿命思想的表征。本文则把“虚无与荒诞”理解为存在的一种状态和结果。加缪的旨意正是在于通过艺术形象的塑造，以证明人作为自由的主体，有勇气正视这种悲剧性的结局，直面流放的人生，向异己的环境作不屈的斗争，在“行动”的过程中超越虚无与荒诞。小说的主人公里厄医生是个强者，也是加缪心目中“自由人”的典范．正是对自由主体的人格力量的肯定与推崇，使加缪的存在主义思想成为一种积极的入世哲学．     

成功的秘密

“先生,您成功的秘诀是什么？”记者问一名银行行长。“两个词。”行长回答。“那两个词是什么？”记者问。“正确决定。”行长回答。     

论完全人格建构与创新性的培养

“完全人格建构”理论是陈秉公教授首次提出的,它以“现实的完整人”为研究对象并给出了完整的理论解释,填补了“人的知识”的空缺.这一理论丰富了21世纪教育本质的新理念,对当下创新性思维的培养具有重要的指导意义.     

论《个人信息保护法》目的限制原则中的“目的特定”

“目的特定”是“目的限制原则”中一项重要的规范要素。根据该规范要素在“目的限制原则”中的地位不同,欧盟和我国分别采取了“目的特定+目的兼容”和“抽象合理+敏感特定”两种立法模式。目的特定原则具有不同于“目的合理”和“目的明确”的规范功能,其是信息侵权行为判断的标准,也是判断用户知情同意有效性的依据,更是层次性算法解释体系建构的逻辑起点。从规范体系定位上看,“目的特定”是用户知情同意的前提,是算法解释的逻辑起点;同时也受制于“目的合理”、指导着“目的明确”,且通过“与处理目的直接相关”来适当扩张“特定目的”。“目的特定”的规范内涵应当包括应用场景特定、主体类型特定、分析内容特定、侵权风险特定等。同时,也允许数据主体在遵循“特定目的”的合理辐射以及外部风险控制的前提下,适当突破“特定目的”。     

混合文化中的哲学

人们认为跨文化的哲学对话能够促进国家间的交流,因为哲学对话能够帮助我们理解不同文化间的差异。对此作者并不完全认同。他认为,“文化差异”这个观念将很快过时。在他看来,哲学应该被看作是一种本质上反应的而不是自主的学科。文章对海德格尔式的关于技术和现代性关系的解释提出批评,并给出一种杜威式的解释。     

法律解释还是法律解释的证立?

<正>一、区分法律解释与法律解释的证立一直以来,法律解释的方法是异常杂多且混乱的。笔者认为,法律解释方法的杂多和混乱,其实是由于未能区分两个基本的概念所致,即法律解释与法律解释的证立,法律解释指的是对法律字面含义的说明,但是由于对法律的字面含义可以作多种多样的理解,所以就必须有一种方法来锚定何种理解是正确的或恰当的,这种锚定何种理解是正确的或恰当的工作就是法律解释的证立。基于法律解释与法律解释的证立的区分,笔     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).