企业社区参与过程中的合法性形成与演化:百步亭与万科案例

"合法性"是企业竞争优势的重要基础,企业社区参与(CCI)能使企业获得合法性。然而,CCI如何使企业获得合法性以及究竟使企业获得了什么样的合法性却鲜有探究。为此,本文通过对百步亭与万科十余年社区参与过程的纵向双案例研究,探讨了CCI各阶段合法性的形成与演化。研究发现:(1)CCI战略随阶段发展对CCI活动起动态引导作用;CCI过程中企业—居委会—志愿者的互动模式随行动者行为角色、行为动机和行为方式的转变而演化;社区能力的不同要素在不同互动模式的转换中向更高层面提升;CCI过程中的互动直接形成企业内部合法性,同时,这些互动通过促进社区能力成长来形成企业外部合法性。(2)企业合法性是一个连续变量,随着CCI阶段的发展其内部合法性有在程度上积累增加,外部合法性有在范围上逐渐扩大的趋势。本文的主要贡献在于解析了企业合法性形成与演化的微观机制,揭示了企业合法性作为一个连续变量的演化特征,对企业通过社区参与来获取合法性具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

The Relevance of Participation of Civil Society Organizations in the Process of Formulation of Development Strategies at the Municipal Level

This study explores CSOs’ participation in a very important managerial process within the public sector - development strategies formulation at the municipal level in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on the existing literature on the topic, a theoretical model of CSOs’ relevance within the process of formulation of development strategies was designed. The results obtained by model testing show that the CSO’s proficiency is the very organizational characteristic that makes difference between relevance and irrelevance. Results also showed that situational characteristics of the CSOs have no impact on either CSO’s proficiency or its relevance in the process of formulation of development strategies at the municipal level.

     

The Management of Redundancies in Europe: The Case of Great Britain

The paper presents the findings of a comparative and interdisciplinary legal and economic study on managing labour redundancies in seven EU member countries. It is structured for immediate comparability between the systems examined. The introductory section contains an account of the evolution of the British labour market, with special reference to redundancy trends, the features of the programmes for managing redundancies, the roles of firms and the ‘external environment’ in handling workforce adjustments. The second section presents a map of policies that work to prevent labour redundancies (preventive measures) such as flexibility, training etc. Next, the instruments for handling temporary labour redundancies (retentive measures) are examined (e.g. short-time working, temporary layoffs etc.). The following section is devoted to instruments and programmes involved in the management of permanent labour redundancies (expulsive measures), e.g. collective dismissals, severance pay etc. The final section provides an overall assessment of the British system for managing labour redundancies, and briefly discusses the national debate on the prospects for reform, in light of the principles and policies of convergence set forth by the European Union.     

ERP实施中的用户有效参与——头脑风暴会议的作用

为了探讨ERP实施情境下的用户有效参与问题,采用探索性案例设计及扎根理论取向的数据分析方法,构建了一个促进用户有效参与的理论模型.研究结果显示,头脑风暴会议可作为ERP实施过程中促进用户有效参与的方式,并对用户有效参与有积极的影响.     

Participation in Strategic Decision Making: The Role of Organizational Predisposition and Issue Interpretation*

Each time managers are faced with a strategic decision they decide how to decide. Specifically, they make choices about who has necessary information and, therefore, who needs to participate in the decision. Such responses to strategic issues are believed to be affected by the way in which decision makers interpret issues. However, organizations develop habitual responses to issues and may be predisposed because of their attention to rules and routines, or because of past performance, to respond to strategic issues in certain ways regardless of how issues are interpreted. We examined the direct and indirect effects of predisposition (rule orientation and past financial performance) and interpretation of strategic issues on the participation of internal stakeholder groups in strategic decision making. Executives in 52 organizations indicated that rule orientation and performance are directly linked to participation in strategic decision making, and that interpretation and rule orientation are directly linked to each other. Implications for managers include the notion that any effort to improve decision-making effectiveness by shaping how organizational members frame and interpret issues will be constrained by the organization's existing routines as well as its past performance.     

Cryptosporidium and Dairy Cattle in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed: A Quantitative Risk Assessment

We carried out a study to estimate the public health risk posed by dairy cattle located in New York City's Catskill/Delaware watershed, as measured by daily C. parvum-like oocyst loading. A Monte Carlo simulation model that takes into account the nature of the dairy cattle population within the target area, age-specific incidence/prevalence rates, as well as differential fecal production and oocyst-shedding intensity rates was used to address the objectives. Additionally, the model was designed to distinguish between zoonotic and nonzoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium. Total estimated daily C. parvum-like oocyst shedding across all age/production categories was estimated at 4.15 x 10(10). The zoonotic C. parvum comprised 93.5% of this load. It was estimated that preweaned calves produce 99.5% of the total daily C. parvum ocyst burden. The recently described nonzoonotic C. bovis was estimated to have a daily load of 2.2 x 10(9) oocysts across all age/production strata. C. parvum deer-like genotype was estimated to have a total daily load of 1.3 x 10(9) oocysts. The results of this study support earlier assertions that strategies aimed at reducing the cryptosporidial risk posed by dairy cattle to public health will be most efficacious if aimed at preweaned calves.     

Networks in Conflict: Theory and Evidence From the Great War of Africa

We study from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective how a network of military alliances and enmities affects the intensity of a conflict. The model combines elements from network theory and from the politico‐economic theory of conflict. We obtain a closed‐form characterization of the Nash equilibrium. Using the equilibrium conditions, we perform an empirical analysis using data on the Second Congo War, a conflict that involves many groups in a complex network of informal alliances and rivalries. The estimates of the fighting externalities are then used to infer the extent to which the conflict intensity can be reduced through (i) dismantling specific fighting groups involved in the conflict; (ii) weapon embargoes; (iii) interventions aimed at pacifying animosity among groups. Finally, with the aid of a random utility model, we study how policy shocks can induce a reshaping of the network structure.     

The Effects of Changes in Participation and Group Size of Gainsharing Success

The recent diversity in the types of productivity gainsharing programs has led to the question of whether such programs are affected by moderators such as employee participation and group size. The present research reviews the literature on gainsharing and describes a study which examined productivity changes for 179 direct production employees in the six departments of a unionized manufacturing plant where gainsharing was implemented. The longitudinal time series analysis of the first twenty-nine months of the gainsharing program utilized trend analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to assess productivity changes as the program was changed from a group plan to a plantwide plan. Changes in productivity also were examined when the plan was changed from nonparticipative to participative. The results suggest that employee participation in decision making is a significant factor in productivity improvement but group size does not play a critical role in successful gainsharing programs.     

Participation in Decentralized Local Governance: Two Contrasting Cases from the Philippines

Contrary to the popular assumptions among international donor agencies, preceding studies have questioned the causal relations between decentralization, participation and pro-poor policy outcomes. This article introduces two cases of decentralized city governments in the Philippines: one employs radical forms of civil participation, while the other introduces modest ones, but both of them have been successfully launching pro-poor policies. Through referring these contrasting cases to a “participatory governance” model and a “governance with trusts” model, the paper argues that the approach to local governance is not linear.

行政决策中的公众参与浅议

决策是行政管理活动的先导,决策的效率和质量直接关系到与之相关的一系列行政管理活动的正确开展和顺利实施,关系到政府工作绩效的高低和公众满意度的高低。由于现代行政权力的不断增强,扩大公众参与、推动行政决策的民主化逐渐成为当代民主政治发展的客观要求。在我国,伴随着中国共产党对社会主义执政规律认识的不断加深和社会主义民主政治的不断发展,深化和扩大各级政府行政决策中的公众参与已越来越受到党和政府的高度重视。因此,在当前我国现代化建设稳步推进和社会主义民主政治不断发展的公共行政环境中,鼓励、引导和规范行政决策中的…     

New Mothers’ Labour Force Participation in Italy: The Role of Job Characteristics

Abstract. In this paper we use newly available individual‐level data from the Longitudinal Survey of Italian Households to investigate the factors associated with female labour force participation after the birth of the first child. We focus on the role of pre‐marital job characteristics and find that new mothers who worked without a contract are less likely to participate, while those who worked in the public sector or in a large private firm have a higher probability of being in the labour force after childbearing. We suggest that these effects could be at least partly attributed to differences in the level of job protection and employment stability enjoyed by workers. This implies that in Italy women with highly protected and stable jobs might find it easier to combine career and family, whereas those who are less sheltered by the legislation might be more likely to be inactive after becoming mothers.     

Participation of Women in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management: An Update and Extension

ABSTRACT

A number of articles have examined the participation of women in behavior analysis research. However, most have excluded JOBM from the analysis. For this review, we coded participation of women yearly, since the inception of the journal. We examined participation of women overall, as first authors, as sole authors, and in empirical articles. We also assessed collaborations between genders and identified the ten most published women in JOBM. Next, we examined the current editorial board and associate editors to provide updated information on the participation of women in those roles. Overall, we found an increasing trend of participation of women over the years with participation approaching parity in most categories in the most recent years. Finally, we discussed these results and suggested greater attention be paid to increasing participation of other underrepresented groups.     

用户参与对信息安全管理有效性的影响——多重中介方法

已有研究大都致力于开发信息安全意识管理规程或人员管理规程等,以提高信息安全管理的有效性,而缺乏关于用户(或人员)参与如何影响信息安全管理的有效性研究.以信息安全管理体系(ISO/IEC27000标准族)为背景,将信息安全意识与业务流程相结合构建用户参与对信息安全管理有效性影响的多重中介模型,并从中国通过信息安全管理体系认证的497家企业中随机柚取30家,采用邮寄的方式发放300份问卷,运用Bootstrapping方法进行实证分析.研究结果表明,用户参与对信息安全意识、业务流程结合有显著正向作用,且用户参与、信息安全意识与业务流程结合对信息安全管理的有效性均有显著的正向作用,用户参与通过信息安全意识和业务流程结合的中介作用影响信息安全管理的有效性.     

顾客参与新产品开发及其绩效影响:关系嵌入的中介机制

尽管顾客参与对新产品开发绩效的重要影响已经得到广泛认同,然而到目前,还尚未有文献对两者之间的影响机制进行过系统研究。在引入关系嵌入这一概念的基础上,本文旨在通过对相关概念进行科学的维度划分,运用中国企业的实证数据揭示顾客参与各维度通过关系嵌入各维度对新产品开发绩效各维度的影响机制,从而引导学者与企业家对新产品开发过程中顾客参与的作用形成更为科学的认识。结果发现:共享活动在信息提供与新产品开发绩效、参与创造和创新绩效之间的部分中介作用显著;联系强度和相互依赖性在参与创造和新产品开发绩效之间的部分中介作用也显著;共享活动在参与创造和时间绩效、共同解决问题在顾客参与和新产品开发绩效之间的中介作用不显著。最后,对本文的研究结论、启示与不足进行了阐述。     

Single-Parenthood and Poverty in Great Britain

ABSTRACT This paper examines empirically the relationship between single-parenthood and absolute poverty in Great Britain. Data from two years of the Family Expenditure Survey are used (1968 and 1986). A poverty measure that is additively decomposable with population share weights, and consistent with Sen's axiomatic approach to poverty measurement, is used to decompose the total amount of poverty into the “shares” accruing to different types of households (i.e. female and male single-parents, two-parent households and “other” types of households). Three main conclusions concerning the poverty experience of British single-parents emerge from the analysis. The first is that poverty rates for single-parent households are generally higher than the average for all households. However, this disadvantage is not as large as one might expect, especially when a comparison is made with two-parent households. The second is that single-parent households are over-represented in the ranks of the poor. That is, their “share” of total poverty is greater than their population share. The third is that increasing single-parenthood has had little impact on the overall trend in absolute poverty in the period 1968 to 1986.     

Social Networking and Individual Perceptions: Examining Predictors of Participation

Social networking is a process and practice that draws people and organizations together in an electronic medium. This article explores social interaction-based theories to suggest a social networking participation model that may help organizations understand acceptance or rejection of participation. Responses from 191 public administrators were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), focusing on relationships between participation and five constructs: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived improvement potential (PIP), intra-organizational trust, and type of use. The study found favorable model fit statistics that support positive correlations between the latent variables examined and participation in social networking activities. The results demonstrate the potential of the survey instrument to serve as an adoption and participation model to predict and promote social networking activities as they relate to perceived performance improvement.     

Trouble in Paradise: The Rough Road to Sustainability in Aspen: How Failure can be the Next Great Tool in Sustainable Business

The literature of corporate sustainability is almost exclusively a catalog of successes. But failure is often more instructive to practitioners, and case studies of missteps would help others avoid pitfalls and simplify often complex projects. What businesses need is a catalog of mistakes. Drawing on first-hand experience with projects gone awry at Aspen Skiing Company and elsewhere in Colorado and in the ski industry, this article explores the obstacles to implementing sustainable practices and ways those obstacles can be overcome.