Contracts in Family Therapy: Who,When, Where,What and Why?

The essential variables of contracts and their values in terms of the relevant network, the setting, and the goals and plans of treatment are briefly explored. The limitations of overt contracts in relation to system directed changes are described.     

Who Does What When Partners Become Parents:

Forty-seven couples who were first-time parents were assessed in late pregnancy and again at 6 and 18 months postpartum. Fifteen couples not yet decided about having a baby were assessed at equivalent times. Actual involvement in household, decision-making, and childcare roles was determined by responses to a 36-item "Who Does What?" questionnaire. Psychological involvement in parent, partner, and worker roles was also determined, as was each partner's satisfaction with behavioral and psychological involvement in each domain. On the basis of global analyses, previous studies have suggested that new parents adopt more traditional roles. Item analyses indicated that men's and women's roles change in both traditional and nontraditional ways during the transition to parenthood, depending on the item and the time of assessment. Measures of individual and couple adaption were also obtained: self-esteem, parenting stress, and marital satisfaction. Men's involvement in family tasks was correlated with their own or their wives adaption in pregnancy but became linked with adaptation at 6 months postpartum. However, at 18 months after birth husbands' involvement in family tasks was correlated only with wives' adaptation. For both parents, satisfaction with family task arrangements becomes correlated with self-esteem, parenting stress and marital quality after childbirth; these measures of adaptation are more closely linked with role satisfaction than with actual sharing of family work.     

Refusals: Who, Where and Why

The characteristics of a very small group of people who refusedto participate in a personal interview panel study are investigatedin this article. Comparisons are made between characteristicsof respondents and refusers in the initial interview and subsequentinterviews. Details of the refusal situation and reasons givenby refusers for their noncooperation are also discussed.     

The Couple Relationship as the Focus of Sex Therapy: The Integration of Sex Therapy Ideas and Techniques with Marital and Family Therapy

The marriage and family therapist needs basic information about techniques used in sex therapy in order to deal with the sexual issues they may encounter in their practice. This paper outlines a method of incorporating the psychotherapeutic techniques presently used in sex therapy into the marriage and family counselling setting when there is a sexual issue involved. The paper is separated into (1) a discussion of the problem, (2) recovering the relationship as the focus for sex therapy, and (3) the main approaches to treatment. Next, (4) practice issues are considered, with a presentation of couple therapy using concepts and techniques of sex therapy, including discussions on A. Identification of Organic Causes, B. Identification of Psychological Issues, C. Examination of Interpersonal Issues, and D. Assessment of Systemic Issues. (5) Some more common interventions are then presented.     

Who Decides? The Social Characteristics of Who Initiates Marital Separation

This study investigates gender differences in the associations between social characteristics and men’s and women’s reports of which spouse initiated marital separation. Using retrospective data on 9,147 first marriages from the Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey (2001), we find that some social characteristics differentiated between separations initiated by wives compared to husbands, but few differences were statistically significant. The main gender difference is that wives are more inclined than husbands to initiate separation on the basis of their husbands’ as well as their own social characteristics. Our findings indicate that taking account of which spouse initiates separation is important for improving our understanding of gender differences in the processes of marriage breakdown, but more research is required.     

Equality Bargaining: Where,Who, Why?

It is common to identify a role for trade unions in combating sex inequality at work through collective bargaining. This article uses a survey of paid union officers to identify the context in which equality bargaining by unions is likely to occur, using the specific issue of bargaining on equal pay. It concludes that equality bargaining is a function of women’s voice within unions, the characteristics and preferences of bargainers themselves and of a favourable public policy environment. Bargaining on equal pay is also more likely in centralized negotiations that cover multiple employers.     

The Male Way of Mourning Divorce: When, What, and How

Based on the literature on divorce, this paper explores the distinct ways in which men mourn the losses inherent in the breakup of a marriage. It argues that men have a distinct way of mourning that differs from that of women. They start the mourning process later than women, mourn the loss of their home and children more than the loss of their wives, and tend to express their mourning through actions rather than in words or obvious emotional manifestations of grief. The paper considers possible reasons for these behaviors and their implications for practitioners.     

Marital Therapy: Toleration of Differentness

This paper presents a way of understanding marriage and marital therapy in terms of Satir's concept of differentness. One important impetus toward marriage is the individual's need to feel complete through emotional fusion with the spouse. Individuals choose marriage partners who will give them a sense of completion. Marital balance is sought around the fulcrum of this need for unity. Any disturbance to the myth of unity of the two partners is seen as a personal threat by each. Marital balance or homeostatis is a way the partners disguise the unique differentness of each. Acknowledgement of the differentness and separateness of the other is seen as a threat to the self. The task of therapy is to help partners recognize and tolerate the differentness of the other.     

The Who,Why, and How of Reinvention in Nonprofit Organizations

Although reinvention of government agencies is being extensively discussed, relatively little is known about the reinvention strategies of nonprofit organizations. This article reports survey results for a randomly selected group of nonprofit organizations from across the United States. We conclude that reinvention is being used as a management tool by nonprofit organizations and that it is affecting day‐to‐day operations. Regardless of how reinvention was implemented, these organizations generally view their reinvention activities as successful for increasing productivity, enhancing services, improving performance, and managing costs.     

Relationship Help-Seeking: A Review of the Efficacy and Reach

ABSTRACT

Formal and informal relationship help-seeking is becoming increasingly common. This article discusses seven forms of relationship help-seeking: couple therapy, couple relationship education, self-help books, internet resources, other media sources, talking with clergy, and talking with friends and family. The purpose of this literature review is to organize the relationship help-seeking research, bring to light some of the less accessible research, and offer recommendations to researchers and practitioners regarding the efficacy and reach of relationship help-seeking. In addition, differences in relationship help-seeking based on gender are explored and current relationship help-seeking trends are discussed.     

Essay Review: Marital Therapy, Monogamy, and Menagés

Fitzgerald, R. V. Conjoint Marital Therapy .
Foley, V. An Introduction to Family Therapy .
Smith J. & Smith L. Beyond Monogamy .     

Why Stay Married? Rewards,Barriers, and Marital Stability

This paper describes people's open‐ended, personal accounts of why they stay married. Most people perceived the cohesiveness of their marriages in terms of rewards and barriers, and few people referred to a lack of good alternatives. People who reported barriers only tended to be relatively unhappy with their marriages and were more likely than other individuals to be thinking about divorce. People who reported barriers only, compared with people who reported rewards only, were more likely to divorce during the next 14 years. This association was significant even after controlling for marital happiness and divorce proneness.     

What People Want,Why They Move,and What Happens After They Move:

No abstract available for this article.     

The Why,What, and How of Teaching Children Social Skills

Abstract

The History of Peace: A Short Account of the Organized Movements For International Peace, By A. C. F. Beales, Lincoln Mac Veagh, The Dial Press, New York, 1931. viii, 355 pp. Reviewed by: Lloyd W. Truman.

England in the Age of the American Revolution. By L. B. Namier. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1930, viii, 518 pp. $8.50.

The Black Death and Men of Learning. By Anna M. Campbell. Columbia University Press, New York, 1931, xii, 210 pp. $3.00.

The Voyageur. By Grace Lee Nute. D. Appleton &; Co., New York, 1931. ix. 299 pp. With wood-cut illustrations and end-paper maps. $3.00.

They That Take the Sword. By Esmé Wingfield-Stratford. William Morrow and Company, New York, 1931, xiv, 424 pp. $4.00. Reviewed by: Courtney R. Hall.

Modern Europe and the World. By Ralph Flenley, University of Toronto, Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd., 1931. xvi, 567 pp. Reviewed by: John Hall Stewart.

The March of Civilization: Modern World, 1453–1931. By Jesse E. Wrench. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons. 1931. Pp. XVII, 486. $2.00. Reviewed by: Edgar B. Wesley.

Henry Dundas, First Viscount Melville, 1742–1811. By Holden Turber. Oxford University Press, New York, 1931. xi, 331 pp. $6.00. Reviewed by: Charles F. Mullett.

Beyond the Sublime Porte. By Barnette Miller. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1931. XIX, 281 pp. $5.00. Reviewed by: Margaret Willis.

King Charles II. By Arthur Bryant. Longmans, Green &; Co., New York, 1931. xi, 448 pp. $3.50.

Annals of the New York Stage. By George C. D. Odell. Columbia University Press, New York, 1927–1931. Seven volumes. Vol. I (To 1798), xiii, 496 pp.; Vol. II (1798-1821), vii 8, 643 pp.; Vol. III (1821-1834), xii, 747 pp.; Vol. IV (1834-1843), xii, 757 pp.; Vol. V (1843-1850), xiii, 655 pp.; Vol. VI (1850-1857), xiii, 676 pp.; Vol. VII (1857-1865), xv 793 pp.     

The Relationship Between Marital Disruption and Adolescent Values

Abstract

A sample of 16,411 year nine and year ten pupils throughout England and Wales completed a detailed inventory of values. The responses of those whose parents have experienced separation or divorce are compared with those whose parents have not experienced this form of family disruption. Significant differences are found in all fourteen value areas included in the survey. In summary marital disruption is associated with lower personal wellbeing, and more radical or less socially conformist attitudes.     

The Marital Scales: Measurement of Intent,Attitudes, and Aspects Regarding Marital Relationships

Studies on marital relationships focus on intent to marry, global positive or negative attitudes toward marriage, and expectations for what married life will be like. There are currently no instruments capable of assessing all three of these areas. This study outlines the development and validation of the Marital Scales. One is designed to measure intent to marry (Intent to Marry Scale), another is for general attitudes toward marriage (General Attitudes Toward Marriage Scale), and the last scale measures expectations for marital relationships (Aspects of Marriage Scale). They are also designed to be applicable for any individual, regardless of marital status or sexual orientation. Results demonstrated excellent factor structure, and good internal reliability and construct validity for the instrument.