统筹解决贵州人口问题的思考

贵州地处内陆山区，是一个典型的以农业人口为主、“欠发达、欠开发”省份，人口与经济、社会、资源、环境的矛盾十分突出。2008年，全省人均生产总值为8824元，农民人均纯收入为2797元，分别仅为全国平均水平的38．98％和58．75％；全省人口密度为225．6人／平方公里，约比全国多90人；人均耕地不足0．66亩，低于联合国粮农组织规定的人均0．8亩的警戒线。     

宁夏回族自治区完善利导机制推进依法行政

近年来，宁夏回族自治区不断完善利益导向机制，积极推进人口与计划生育依法行政，营造了和谐健康的人口计生工作环境。 以利益导向机制建设为抓手，进一步改变人民群众的生育观念。宁夏回族自治区是经济欠发达的少数民族贫困地区，特别是南部山区自然条件恶劣，2000年农民人均纯收入987元，还不到全国平均水平的一半。     

甘肃省农村最低生活保障的实证分析

按照农民年人均纯收入的高低,我们将甘肃各市（州）相对地划分为较发达、欠发达和贫困地区。然后依据农村住户调查的详细资料和三类经济区农民年人均纯收入的分布分析计算出三类经济区农民最低生活保障的标准、人数及金额,结果符合甘肃实际。鉴于甘肃现行的农村最低生活保障标准低、范围小的问题,提出了调整、完善农村最低生活保障制度的思路和减缓贫困、改善民生的政策措施。     

吉林省农村剩余劳动力省内转移空间分析

吉林省是我国重要的农业大省,2000年以来其农村劳动力数量一直居高不下,且呈不断上升趋势,可见,吉林省大量的剩余劳动力滞留在农村。而现阶段,吉林省内部转移空间狭小,无论是城镇还是农村内部对剩余劳动力的吸纳能力都比较弱,不仅低于全国平均水平,更无法与东部较发达地区相比。为此,我们有必要采取一定措施来拓展吉林省农村剩余劳动力的省内转移空间。     

甘肃贫困地区的人口问题及其对策

甘肃贫困地区自然环境严酷,经济、文化落后,集中连片的贫困县区有46个,主要分布在陇东老区、陇南山区和中部干旱地区。1980年全省农民人均纯收入在200元以下的贫困户占78.9%,约有1284万农民处于贫困状态。经过八年的开发性扶贫,不仅贫困面大大缩小,而且现有贫困户的生活也有所改善。但是与全国平均水平相比,与其它省市相比,甘肃贫困面的比重仍为最大之一,特别是还有17.6%的农户仍处于绝对困境,更     

农民生育观念、生育行为及其影响因素的社区分析——桃源县同仁村的调查与思考

<正> 湖南省桃源县桃花源镇同仁村是一个典型的以种植粮食为主的乡村社区,人均纯收入为558元(1989年),在湖南省居中等水平,社会保障事业不甚发达,但生育控制水平比较先进,在当代中国农村具有一定的代表性。一、在“民意”与“国策”矛盾的背后国内学术界对农民的生育意愿曾作过多次调查,调查表明。当代农民在生育意愿上与现行生育政策有一定的矛盾,只是具体到不同地区,矛盾的程度有大有小而已。据对同仁村220名18—59岁农民生育意愿调查,如果综合地看,农民的生育意愿与现行生育跋策有矛盾之处,也有相同之处。     

甘肃中部贫困地区农民人均纯收入分析

甘肃中部贫困地区农民人均纯收入分析常跟应（兰州大学西北人口研究所７３００００）甘肃中部的榆中、永登、会宁、靖远、平川、景泰、秦安、古浪、定西、通渭、陇西、临洮、庄浪、静宁、华池、环县、永靖、东乡１８个县、区皆为国列贫困县。本文分析了影响该地区农民人均...     

劳务经济与资源经济结合的农民增收模式——以重庆市为例

本文通过对重庆农村居民收入构成状况的分析发现：劳务收入与家庭经营收入是重庆农村居民人均纯收入的主要来源,但家庭经营收入在农民人均纯收入中所占比重不断下降;究其原因在于劳务经济与资源经济发展严重脱节,重庆市在劳务经济迅速发展的同时,资源经济发展相对滞后,从而影响农民人均纯收入持久稳定增长。为此,本文提出建立劳务经济与资源经济结合的农村居民持续增收模式。     

农民社会养老意愿和缴费能力分析——基于陕西省关中地区的调查

社会保障制度是有效的社会风险化解机制,对于以国家为主导的农民社会养老保障建设成功与否,不仅取决于未来国家对农村社会养老保障供给的数量与质量,更取决于农民社会养老保障制度的主要供给者——政府对农民真实需求的了解、把握与满足程度。调查地区农民在养老保障项目上可承受的支付金额的平均值为32.06元/月,农民在养老保障项目上的支付上限值为当地农民年人均纯收入的17.29%,高于此比例,则影响农民正常的生活水平,而农民普遍能够接受的适宜比例值为10.61%。     

当前世界人口状况和未来变动趋势

1991年联合国出版的《1990年世界人口展望》一书提供了大量的自1950年以来世界和各个地区的人口状况以及未来人口变动趋势的统计和预测数据。现将其中最基本和最常用的资料译出,供计划生育工作者和人口研究工作者参考。资料中的“较发达地区”、“欠发达地区”和“最不发达国家”是联合国为了统计上的便利而确定的,它们分别指的是: 较发达地区系北美、欧洲、澳大利亚、新西兰及原苏联。欠发达地区系非洲、拉丁美洲、东亚、南亚和大洋洲(澳大利亚、新西兰、日本除外)地区。最不发达国家系在欠发达地区中被官方确认为最不发达的那些国家。     

The gap of economic development expanding between eastern China and middle,western China

Jiang Zemin announced at China's 5th Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee that there was a serious problem of differences in economic development between Eastern China and Middle and Western China. There are many economic development differences between provinces. The coastal eastern zone is comprised of 12 provinces and municipalities: Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan. The middle zone is comprised of 9 provinces and regions including Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Hunan. The third development zone in Western China includes the 9 provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang. The most developed region is the eastern coastal zone. About 41% of the total population live in the eastern coastal zone, about 36% live in the middle zone, and about 23% live in the western zone. The proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) in the eastern, middle, and western zones shifted from 52.5%, 31.0%, and 16.5%, respectively, in 1973 to 58.5%, 27.4%, and 14.1%, respectively. in 1994. GDP per capita increased by 10.5 times in the eastern zone, by 8.2 times in the middle zone, and by 8.0 times in the western zone to 5352 yuan, 2878 yuan, and 2320 yuan, respectively, in 1994. Nationally, per capita income among urban households was 3179 yuan in 1994. In the eastern coastal zone only two provinces were below the national average: Liaoning with 2750.73 yuan/capita and Hebei with 2906.42 yuan/capita. Only 2 of 18 provinces in the middle and western zones had per capita urban income above the national average: Hunan with 3365.47 yuan/capita and Tibet with 3595.42/capita. Nationally, the annual net rural income was 1220.98/capita. Rural income below the national average occurred in Hebei and Guangsi in the eastern coastal zone and all provinces in the middle and western zones. The highest rural income in the middle and western zones was in Tibet with 975.95 yuan/capita.     

人口死亡水平的国际比较

利用各国的人口资料,使用婴儿死亡率和平均预期寿命这两个关于人口死亡的重要指标,比较中国和世界 人口的死亡水平和变动趋势。根据各国的人均收入,揭示人均收入和平均寿命的统计关系。     

农村内部收入不平等变动的成因——基于回归分解的研究途径

近年来中国农村居民收入持续增长,但是农村收入差距却持续扩大。采用回归分解的方法,利用吉林省农户抽样调查数据,对农村内部收入不平等及其变动趋势的成因进行分析。研究结果表明,劳动力投入、工资性收入和人力资本对农户收入的增加起到明显的作用;影响农村收入不平等水平的要素有劳动力投入、耕地、工资性收入、人力资本要素以及地区差异;耕地、工资性收入和劳动力投入对农村内部收入不平等的增加有显著影响,其中耕地的作用占51.60%,超过一半的解释能力,而教育对降低收入不平等水平有一定的作用。     

Racial differences in per capita income, 1960–76: The importance of household size,headship, and labor force participation

Racial differences in average per capita income are decomposed, as are changes over time for both races. The 1960–76 decline in household size accounted for 13 percent of the per capita income inprovement of both races. Whereas real increases in earnings of husbands contributed most to improvements in well-being in husband-wife households, increases in income from sources other than earnings were most important to female headed households. During a period in which a growing proportion of both races resided in female headed households and racial differences in living arrangements widened, the per capita income of female headed households relative to husband-wife households declined.     

Are They Frigid to the Economic Development? Reconsideration of the Economic Effect on Subjective Well-being in Japan

The question about the contribution of economic growth to subjective well-being has caused long-standing debate in the literature on subjective well-being, and Japan is often mentioned as a typical case of no contribution. With a careful examination of the survey text, nevertheless, this study provides a completely opposite result. In other words, the average score of subjective well-being is significantly associated with the level of national income per capita. The study also finds that not only the level of national income per capita but also its growth rate is a significant explanatory variable. However, it is also suggested that a structural subsidence of subjective well-being occurred in the late 1990s, when many Japanese people lost confidence in their traditional economic system.

Effect of development of rural commodity economy on family planning]

The paper discusses the effects of the changes of rural income level on family planning practice based a survey of 200 rural families in a affluent vegetable producing area of suburban Beijing. In 1984, 99.7% of child birth followed the local birth planning, and 99.1% of families with one child received One Child Certificates. The annual per capita income of the 200 families was 1,092 yuan (1 US$ = 3.7 yuan) in 1984 even higher than the community average. The number of children was negatively associated with the per capita income and per capita consumption except families with 4 children, most of whom have grown up. The rural mechanization in the community has greatly increased the need for skills and technology rather than strong laborers. The provision of community welfare programs and the increased living standard changed the value of children and also changed people's perception in favor of gender equality. Among families with 1 or 2 children, most preferred to have girls. And among families with more children, the preferred family size is smaller than the actual size, which shows a tendency towards favoring a small family. Among 1 child families, 58.7% considered 1 boy and 1 girl to be ideal, and 37.7% was happy with the only child. As the community becomes richer, both the community and individual families increased their investment in education. The spending on education per child was over 2 times as high in 1 child families than the families with more children. The educational status of parents is positively associated with the exception of children's future education and current spending on education. The concern of parents over children's education is an important factor in improving the quality of labor force. Women of higher education status are more acceptable to contraception and family planning policy. The relatively high level of education of the community has been conducive to it fertility decline.     

An objective criterion of coordination of population growth with economic development]

Coordination of population growth with economic development is the fundamental element for the development of society. Based on China's present condition and our future goal--to be a communistic society--per capita income was suggested to be the most important criterion. Because the primary requirements of a communistic society and the goal of our socialistic production are material abundance and a highly developed civilization, per capita income is also the best criterion to measure the level of our "Four Modernizations" program and the coordination of population with the economy. The economic development based on per capita income also has international significance, for it will indicate the excellence of our system and contribute our strength to world peace in the future. In order to continue increasing per capita income the primary goal is increased production. On the other hand, a rapid population growth delays economic development. A comparatively small difference in population growth rate (a decrease from 1.5% to .5%) leads to a large difference in total population and the investment in the population after many years (e.g. 20 to 40 years). For China's present condition the slower the population growth rate the better for our economic development and the faster the per capita income will increase.