欠发达地区农村养老模式探析——衢州市枫村花村养老的经验研究

家庭养老在欠发达地区的农村已经弱化,主要原因是社会变迁、社会流动、社会竞争和家庭结构的变化;社区养老的覆盖面太窄,发挥作用小;社会化养老还存在着接受的问题。该地区农村养老面临严峻的挑战。     

住房对养老及服务方式变化的影响探析

养老是一种文化现象,包括物质保障、精神抚慰和服务方式.特别是以照护为主要内容的服务,贯穿于养老的全过程.文化的传承以物质为依托.住房在人类养老及服务方式的形成过程中发挥着重要作用,在一定程度上,住房结构、功能的变化改变并制约着养老及其服务方式.目前集合式、板式单元户型的住房结构,使得传统家庭养老方式出现困难.为此,要按照积极老龄化原则,探索构建适应这一变化的新的养老及服务方式,低龄空巢家庭的自我服务是其中的重要方面.     

代际支持关系在老人养老模式选择中的创新作用

随着社会经济结构和家庭结构的变迁,家庭养老功能逐渐弱化,过去由家庭承担的赡养功能逐渐由社会功能来取代。调查证明,老人与子女之间在经济上、求助方式上、精神慰籍上、居住方式上仍然存在着明显的代际支持关系。在进行现代社会养老模式的选择中,应当在充分肯定和发挥家庭养老功能的基础上,积极建立和发展社会养老支持体系。     

福利经济学视角下老年人养老方式的选择决策及影响因素分析——以齐齐哈尔市的三个区为例

老年人对养老方式的选择动因是增进个人效用,一定程度上体现了福利经济学第一层目标:效率。然而,老年人的自身条件、对社会养老服务的信赖心理、社会养老服务的空间位置、养老服务的价格可及性等因素,影响制约着实际决策的选择,造成消费倾向和实际选择的差异,阻碍着效率和公平。对此,政府应以政策为载体进行调节,以提高资源配置效率和基本养老服务的均等化。     

我国养老模式转变过程中孝道传承的作用

家庭养老是中国传统养老模式,贯彻其中的孝道以国家基本政治制度为依托,体现了顽强的生命力。传统孝道的基本含义是孝于亲,核心内容是养和敬。伴随现代社会流动性增强和女性从业人员数量的增长,我国传统养老模式发生了既不同于传统也有别于西方的改变,即居家养老的出现。而伴随着这种自然选择的养老模式转变,现实社会中孝道的实现情况和人们对孝的需求都发生了改变。选择性的传承孝道有助于居家养老模式发挥作用:有助于提高社会养老服务质量;有助于强化亲子关系;有助于强调独立与回报的社会道德;有助于强化立法价值、优化执法环境。我国传统孝道在新时期养老模式转变的大背景下通过有选择的传承可以发挥积极意义。     

我国社区居家养老的现状、问题与对策探析

我国已步入老龄化社会,目前全国的养老方式主要有家庭养老、机构养老、社区居家养老三种方式。社区居家养老是介于家庭照顾和社会机构照顾之间的一种运用社区资源开展的老人照顾方式,能有效弥补家庭养老和机构养老的不足。文章主要从社区居家养老的内容、各种养老模式的特点与社区居家养老的优势与不足等几个方面对国内的社区居家养老模式进行分析、总结,并提出基于社区的养老网络构建的政策建议。     

儒家文化视角下农村养老模式的探析

目前农村养老模式分为家庭养老、社会养老和自我养老。随着农村人口老龄化、高龄化、空巢化和病残化程度的不断加深,农村养老问题日益严重。本文以儒家文化为视角,提出构建契合儒家文化的农村养老模式的思路和政策建议：即巩固家庭养老的地位,发挥社会养老主体作用,发挥自我养老补充作用和社会养老服务的支持作用。     

养老服务热中的冷思考

党的十八大提出"积极应对人口老龄化,大力发展老龄服务事业和产业"的要求。目前,各地积极推进社会养老服务体系建设,取得了显著成效。笔者认为,在养老服务热的背后,还存在着一些关键性问题需要冷静思考,需要认真研究,主要包括:建体系还是建设施,重居家还是重机构,调结构还是增数量,靠家庭养老还是靠社会养老,以及靠市场还是靠政府等。     

城市互助养老服务的社会建构：理论视角、多元表征与实践选择

城市互助养老服务是当前缓解社会养老服务供给压力、开发老龄人群互助服务资源、重塑老人社会尊严、提升老人居家养老生活质量的重要社区养老服务递送方式。通过引入公共服务的社会建构视角，将城市互助养老服务建设从以供给为中心转向以需求为中心，从构建开放对话程序、建设养老服务合作生产网络、尊重社会养老观念等社会建构路径着手，通过建设自由表达、平等公正的互动平台，建立合作生产的服务递送网络和挖掘社会养老观念资源推进城市互助养老服务实践，以期充分发挥城市互助养老服务的机制优势，更加凸显其在有效回应老龄群体的定制化需求、提升多元主体在服务递送过程中的互动合作以及促进“积极老龄化”战略方面的重要价值。     

创设城市养老新模式——论社家养老与三社体系

传统的家庭养老和机构养老模式,存在着家庭养老难负其重、机构养老限制过多等明显的缺陷,不符合社会的发展、家庭的需求和老年人的愿望。因此,立足国,情,我们提出了“社家养老”新的城市养老模式,以及实现该模式的逐步完善“三社”系统、建立专业服务队伍和加强宣传、营造良好舆论氛围等对策和思路。     

年龄间的社会分化和农村家庭养老制度的资源困境

本文关注的是中国农村社会和农村家庭中不同年龄和代际间的社会平等问题。文章描述了农村老年人的物质生活和社会生活状况,指出农村老年人群体性的相对贫困现状,以及老年人生活质量和社会经济地位的弱化与农村整体生活水平逐步提高之间存在结构性矛盾,认为农村以年龄和代际为界的社会分化业已形成。文章还通过对家庭养老制度面临的资源困境的分析,进一步解释了经济、社会和文化变迁是如何通过改变农村的家庭制度和家庭中的代际关系对老年人的生活及其权力和权利状况产生影响的。     

中国社会养老的文化分析

本文关注福利文化对社会养老制度和实践的影响,从文化视角审视中国现代社会养老项目的发展,揭示了老年社会福利模式与特定社会政策制定者对社会福利概念的理解和传统福利文化之间的关系。限定主义的价值观和公民权利意识的缺失阻碍着中国老年社会福利模式从剩余性到制度性的转变,抑制了社会福利在缩小老年群体内阶层差异方面的作用,促使了福利资源分配的不公。尽管人口老龄化和福利国家的文化扩散正在促使中国老年社会福利呈多元化发展趋势,多元福利体系的最终建立还有赖于社会公众和政策制定者对个人和国家关系的重新解读。     

人口老龄化及其对城市养老保障发展的影响——以城市养老保障为研究对象

人口老龄化是关系到社会生产和经济发展的重大问题之一,也关联着社会的各个单细胞——家庭模式和伦理文化体系发生新的变化。我国老年人口的绝对量和人口老龄化的速度在世界居前位。人口老龄化将带来一系列社会问题,健全和发展社会养老保障是保证社会安宁和解决老有所养的重要举措。本文主要从分析人口老龄的特点及发展趋势的这一角度切入,针对这个制度本身在运行过程中出现诸多的问题,对完善中国城市养老保障提出几点建议。     

Experiencing Older Age in Korea and Australia The Role of Social Policies

This comparative study explores attitudes toward and experiences of ageing of 60 Koreans, aged between 55 and 65 years, residing in two countries: Korea and Australia. It examines similarities and differences in their perceptions of old age in the distinctive social welfare environments in which they live. It draws attention to the importance of social policies in affecting how people anticipate and experience old age.     

Researching Quality of Life in Early Old Age: The Importance of the Sociological Dimension

Measurement of quality of life has become a major feature of much social and epidemiological research in health and social care settings. It is seen as an important alternative to more process‐based outcome measures but remains poorly defined. A major weakness is the absence of any coherent theoretical underpinning whether sociological, psychological or philosophical. Into this conceptual vacuum proxies for quality of life have been introduced. Quality of life [QoL] research into older populations has focused on measures of health and illness as equivalents of QoL. This paper argues that this response is inadequate as it reduces old age to a dimension of health, disability and disease. Instead, we argue that it is necessary to create a theoretically based measure of QoL in early old age which relates to those aspects of later life that are not defined by health. We present a model of QoL that is derived from aspects of contemporary social theory as they relate to the ontology of late modernity. In particular, we utilize a model based upon needs satisfaction. The model contains four domains: Control, Autonomy, Pleasure and Self‐realization. The measure consists of a 19‐item scale. The four domains load on to a single latent QoL factor. We argue that the CASP 19 scale offers an approach to QoL that integrates a sociologically based model of quality of life with a meaningful and valid research instrument.     

The political economy of changes in family and old‐age welfare policy spending: Analysis of OECD countries, 1998–2011

This study investigated whether in times of budget constraints and in countries with relatively large family policy spending, family policy has an advantage in the budget competition with old‐age expenditures, compared with countries with a lower level of family policy spending. We employed pooled time‐series cross‐sectional analysis of 24 OECD countries from 1998 to 2011. Our findings suggest that the initial level of family spending tends to moderate the crowding‐out effect of old‐age spending, indicating that the more mature a family spending policy is, the more it resists budget competition from old‐age policy. Furthermore, the size of government debt was found to have an insignificant effect on welfare budgeting. Our findings indicate that retrenchment in welfare spending for old age cannot be fully explained by budget constraints. Politics among interest groups associated with different welfare programmes can be an important determinant in explaining changes in spending on each welfare programme.     

Patterns of Social Support in the Middle Childhood to Early Adolescent Transition: Implications for Adjustment

Children's social networks often include close family members, extended family members, and friends, but little is known about interindividual differences in the patterning of support from these sources. In this study, we used person‐oriented analyses to differentiate patterns of support for children undergoing the transition to adolescence. Social network and adjustment data were collected for an ethnically diverse sample of 691 fourth‐ and sixth‐grade children, with a two‐year follow‐up. Cluster analyses identified one pattern of support from both close family members and friends, a second pattern of support from both close and extended family members, and a third pattern of support primarily from close family members alone. Participants receiving support from close family in combination with either extended family or friends were better adjusted than were those without multiple support resources. The results suggest that a meaningful typology of children's social networks can be developed.     

Surviving social support: Care challenges facing Taiwanese centenarians

In Taiwan, centenarians are the fastest growing demographic among the 65+ population. However, the general population knows little about the country's oldest citizens. There is an urgent need for research to focus on the ‘super old’ community in order to allocate sufficient public and private resources towards their care. This study explored the living conditions of Taiwanese centenarians as well as their care and support systems through a quantitative questionnaire and in‐depth interviews with the centenarians or their caregivers. The total sample size of the study was 100. Sample characteristics regarding age, gender, living arrangement, physical and mental health status, daily functioning and overall life satisfaction are presented. It was found that a much higher percentage of Taiwanese centenarians lived with family members in their own homes, while their counterparts in Western societies were institutionalised. This study also identifies the concept of symbiotic care grounded in a family network.     

城市空巢老人的生活状况与社会支持实证研究——以徐州市为个案

人口的老龄化趋势与家庭结构的演变使城市空巢家庭大量增加。以徐州市为个案的调查和研究显示,部分空巢老人面临着经济困难、缺乏照料、精神孤独等生存危机。空巢老人的社会支持体系应以老年人自助互助为原则,以家庭支助为基础,以社区服务为依托,以国家和政府的法规、政策为保障。