大国比较优势演变中的结构效应与技术效应：基于要素禀赋结构的分析

为考察基于要素禀赋结构的比较优势变化对产业结构和技术结构的影响及贡献率，文章构建统一的数理框架，结合WIOD-SEA的中国产业数据，将中国要素禀赋结构的动态变化分解为产业间结构效应和产业内技术效应，结果发现：中国资本存量积累和技能劳动供给增速较快，而非技能劳动供给相对稳定，这种要素禀赋结构升级形成的动态比较优势，同时被产业间结构效应和产业内技术效应所形成的要素需求所吸收。但不同类型要素禀赋结构变化的分解效应呈异质性特征，资本、技能劳动相对于非技能劳动要素密集度的上升主要被产业间结构效应吸收，产业结构变迁向资本、技能劳动相对密集型产业倾斜；而资本相对于技能劳动要素密集度的上升则被产业内技术效应主导，被资本偏向型技术进步吸收。     

从全要素生产率的国际比较看日本的产业竞争力

全要素生产率指资本、劳动及其他所有要素 所带来的总和的产出增长。本文从全要素生产率的角度，对近20年来日、美等发达国家各产 业的生产率进行了比较，并对日本20世纪90年代出现的生产率低下及产业竞争力下降做了 分析，指出大力发展信息产业、推动产业结构高级化是强化产业竞争力、促 进经济增长的关键。     

中国服务业全要素生产率的变动及其收敛性

随着服务业在我国经济中的地位与作用日益提高,服务业发展的地区差距也日益明显,服务业全要素生产率是导致这种差距的主要因素.根据1985-2007年数据,运用非参数Malmquist指数方法,对中国服务业全要素生产率的变化趋势和不同时间、不同地区变动的规律及特点进行分析,结果表明:此期间中国服务业全要素生产率的增长主要由技术进步推动,技术效率的下降对全要素生产率的增长造成了不利影响;不同时期、不同地区服务业的全要素生产率存在显著差距,东部地区的全要素生产率与技术进步率虽然快于中西部地区,但其技术效率低于西部地区,并出现恶化现象;全国各地区服务业全要素生产率的差距不仅随着时间的推移逐渐缩小,而且会向自身的稳态收敛.     

新型数字基础设施的绿色全要素生产率提升效应研究

前沿研究关注新型数字基础设施的经济效应，却普遍忽视其环境效应及其作用机制。为此本文采用2008—2019年中国省级面板数据，结合动态面板模型，考察新型数字基础设施对绿色全要素生产率的影响效应、传导机制及作用条件。研究发现：第一，新型数字基础设施有助于提升地区绿色全要素生产率，体现在绿色技术效率提升与绿色技术进步明显。第二，从传导机制来看，新型数字基础设施主要通过促进可再生能源技术创新与产业结构优化的方式提升绿色全要素生产率。第三，从作用条件来看，随着人力资本水平与市场化程度提升，新型数字基础设施对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用显著增强。     

论后发追赶进程中的供给侧增长动力转换

供给侧结构改革的重心是以推进全要素生产率来寻求新的增长动力。经济增长动力既可在需求端发力,亦可在供给端发力,二者的区别在于需求侧增长动力更注重于要素驱动和投资驱动,而供给侧增长动力更注重于效率驱动和创新驱动。相应地,全要素生产率的提升源于技术效率的改善和技术创新,并配以资本的协同互动,这符合于供给侧增长动力特征。对于后发追赶型经济体而言,供给侧增长无非是资本与技术二者协同转换的结果,亟待将供给侧增长与后发理论相结合,强调资本与技术在供给侧的后发动力效应和路径机理,以期对中国的后发增长和供给侧动力转换提供启示。     

1978-2006年黑龙江省经济增长实证研究

通过理论分析,经济学中三种计算全要素生产率方法各有优劣之处.通过导入数据可以估算出黑龙江省1978-2006年全要素生产率增长的变动趋势,并分析出资本、劳动力及全要素生产率对经济增长的贡献率.由全要素生产率计算方法可以测算得出结论:目前黑龙江省经济增长特别是重工业化的快速增长很大程度上还主要依靠资金等要素投入实现的.     

技术进步偏向性及其要素收入分配效应

技术进步偏向性取决于技术进步收益率、要素稀缺性和要素相对生产率的增长率。通常技术进步偏向性使资本和技能型劳动生产率增长更快,资本和技能报酬更高并导致收入分配结构失衡。技术进步资本偏向性及其偏向程度加深,资本报酬更高且在收入分配过程中更具掠夺性,导致劳动收入占比下降并恶化劳动力市场地位。而技术进步技能偏向性使劳动力市场需求分化并出现技能溢价。若任凭市场经济自由发展,技术进步偏向性不断强化,技能型劳动需求增长、劳动收入占比下降和工资不平等现象持续存在,最终将阻碍一国经济可持续增长。     

我国服务业结构效应与空间效应的区位变迁——来自我国八大经济区服务业的经验证据

利用偏离份额模型测度我国八大区服务业的全国同步增长效应、结构效应和竞争效应,并引入同位变化和空间依赖模型对竞争效应进行分解,研究结果表明:我国各区域服务业增长存在着显著的差异性;我国不同区域服务业结构效应和空间效应存在较大的差异性;八大经济区服务业存在结构优势的子产业占83%;西北地区服务业表现出明显的空间竞争劣势;结构效应、区位效应和空间效应对区域服务业增长贡献的方向并非完全一致,我国区位效应对区域服务业增长的影响明显低于结构效应的影响,服务业区域专业化和地理集中度呈现非同步性。     

中国经济增长：源泉和极限

通过分析中国过去的经济增长理论和实践，文章认为改革开放以来经济增长的主要源泉在于资本要素量的增长和全要素生产率或生产率的提高，而这最终归国于市场经济体制改革及开放政策，特别是生产率提高及其在经济增长中贡献的不断增大与体制改革密切相关；在此基础上，针对当前经济增长中的问题，文拿分析了作为过去增长源泉的两个因素在什么样的条件下才能继续发挥重要作用，从而论述了中国经济增长的极限。     

自由贸易试验区设立是否促进了中国民营企业生产率增长?

自由贸易试验区是新时代推进我国改革开放的重要战略举措，为促进民营企业全要素生产率增长提供了重要契机。本文利用2007—2019年中国微观企业数据考察了中国自贸试验区设立与民营企业全要素生产率的关系。研究发现：自贸试验区设立显著促进了中国民营企业全要素生产率的增长，且影响效应呈动态递增特征。进一步分析发现，这种政策效果因企业高管团队稳定性、企业所处区位而存在较大差异。具体而言，高管团队较稳定、处于沿海地区的民营企业从自贸试验区设立中获益更明显。从影响机制看，政府职能转变带来的制度性交易成本下降是自贸试验区设立促进民营企业生产率增长的主要渠道。接下来，我国应更加主动对接高标准国际经贸规则，全面参与国际经贸规则调整，结合我国各地区的区域优势来推动制度创新，强化自由贸易试验区在引领非公有制经济高质量发展中的重要作用。     

地方经济结构与制造业增长：来自对比苏浙两省的经验证据

利用苏浙两省1999年-2007年27个制造行业的面板数据,对比分析地方经济结构（专业化与多样化经济、本地竞争与垄断、FDI与出口）的外部性对制造业发展的影响。结果表明：多样化经济对苏浙两省产业发展有促进作用,专业化经济对浙江省产业发展有促进作用而对江苏省产业发展的影响不明显;本地竞争有利于产业发展,本地企业规模（垄断）对江苏省产业发展有促进作用,对浙江省有阻碍作用;FDI对两省产业发展的作用不明显,而出口有利于产业发展;产业集中对江苏省产业发展有促进作用而对浙江省有阻碍作用;传统的要素投入中,资本对产业发展具有一定的促进作用,而劳动力投入的作用不明显。     

Industrial structure and economic fluctuation—Evidence from China

Industrial structure evolves with economic development. Since the reform and opening up of the economy in 1978, China has undergone rapid economic growth and dramatic industrial restructuring, with the proportion of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry changed respectively from 28%, 48% and 24% of GDP in 1978 to 11%, 49% and 40% in 2008. Using panel data from 31 provinces in the past three decades, this paper empirically examined the relationship between economic growth and industrial structure. Based on results from unit root test, cointegration test, and Granger causality test, this paper concluded that the two variables are order-1 integrated, short-run economic fluctuation causes industrial structure disproportion, while a long-run bidirectional causal relationship exists between industry structure disproportion and economic aggregate fluctuation. This paper also investigated the determinants of China's industrial structure and found that influential factors include per capita GDP, domestic consumption propensity, urban–rural disparity, scale of the labor force and capital stock, property right protection, and administrative effectiveness.     

The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government＇s Labor Policy

中国的劳动关系正由个别劳动关系调整向集体劳动关系调整转型。《劳动合同法》的颁布实施，标志着中国劳动关系的个别调整在法律建构上已经初步完成，同时也开启了劳动关系集体调整的新起点。现实中的个别劳动关系建构和调整，已经无法解决劳资矛盾和维系劳动关系的稳定。在劳动关系集体化转型的过程中，有两种互补的力量和途径：一是政府主导的自上而下的建构过程，二是劳动者自发的自下而上的促进过程。从权利争议到利益争议，是劳动关系集体化转型的重要特点。中国的劳工政策亟待调整和完善，内容包括劳动关系理论指导和调整模式的选择、集体劳动法的健全、劳动者集体权利的确认以及两种劳工力量的关系处理等。     

The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government’s Labor Policy

China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of legal construction, as well as the starting point for the adjustment of collective labor relations. The construction and regulation of individual labor relations is not sufficient to resolve the conflict between labor and capital or to maintain industrial peace. In the shift toward collective labor relations there are two complementary forces and paths: the government-led top-down construction process, and the workers’ spontaneous bottom-up mobilization. The shift from disputes over rights to disputes over interests is an important characteristic of the transition toward collective labor relations. Chinese labor policy urgently needs to be reconstructed and refined. Its content should include the guiding role of labor relations theory and choice of adjustment models, sound collective labor law, recognition of the collective rights of workers, handling of the relationship of labor’s two forces, etc.     

Copper mining productivity: Lessons from Chile

Chile represents almost one third of the world’s copper production. Mining is one of the main industries that contributes to our country’s development with resources and is globally recognized. Due to the end of the commodity cycle, improving productivity will be a key variable in mining performance in incoming years. This paper studies mining productivity in Chile by relying on two indicators: measure of the total factor productivity (TFP) using the traditional Solow methodology, and labor productivity. Since 2000, we found a decrease in TFP, explained mainly by the participation of capital as well as diverse factor adjustments to labor and capital inputs. Average labor productivity also decreases 42% from 1999 to 2010, a decrease explained by four determinants: real mining wages, electricity prices, copper prices and mineral grade. Since 2010, average labor productivity has increased 30%, and there is also an opportunity for additional improvement by reducing energy costs as well as by aligning productivity and labor performances.     

Productivity growth,external shocks,and capital inflows in Chile: A general equilibrium analysis

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to analyze the growth path of the Chilean economy during 1977–1981. During that period a comprehensive package of reforms liberalized international trade and removed restrictive labor legislation. As a result of the reforms, there were large changes in relative prices and in the structure of production and demand, and the economy enjoyed unprecedented growth with declining inflation. But large macroeconomic imbalance become evident toward the end of the period and in 1982 Chile experienced an abrupt and severe recession. Taking the real exchange rate as an exogenous policy variable, and using the observed levels of employment growth and foreign capital inflows, this paper compares model-generated growth paths with those of the economy. First, the benchmark simulation path is used to estimate the magnitude and pattern of growth and productivity change during the 1971–1981 period. Next, counter-factual simulations are used to assess how Chile's economic performance would have differed if (a) external events had been different; and (b) foreign capital inflows had been different. The analysis suggests that the macroeconomic imbalances that led to the crisis in 1982 were exacerbated by the large capital inflows and real exchange rate appreciation that resulted from the use of the exchange rate as a stabilization device.     

Does the Internet increase labor productivity? Evidence from a cross-country dynamic panel

The Internet has various economic functions and is a fundamental part of most economic activities and transactions. In this paper we apply a Dynamic Panel Data approach to study the impact of the Internet on labor productivity using data from 108 countries for the period 1995–2010. The results of the study show that the Internet has positive and statistically significant effects on labor productivity. Assuming other factors stay constant, increasing the number of Internet users by one percent increases GDP per employed person by $8.16–14.6. Educational expenditures as a percentage of GNI, per capita health expenditures, trade and gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP also have positive and statistically significant effects on labor productivity.     

Analysis of China＇s Unequal Income Distribution from the Perspective of Functional Income Distribution

中国收入分配的不平等在很大程度上表现为功能性收入分配的不平等，即随着经济的发展，工资性收入占国民收入的比例越来越小，而现阶段中国二元经济结构下的无限劳动力供给则是其主要原因。在一个具有凯恩斯主义特征的非均衡动态模型框架下，我们的分析表明，劳动力的无限供给，不仅使工资无法对劳动力市场的供求状况进行反应，而且使劳动生产率和物价变化对工资的影响也不敏感。这意味着，当存在着劳动生产率的提高或由经济增长所带动的物价上涨时，工资的提高不够显著，从而由经济增长或劳动生产率的提高所带来的利益大部分转化为利润而非工资。基于此，要彻底扭转中国收入分配恶化趋势，根本途径仍然是保持经济的高速增长，加快工业化和城市化进程，从而使农村剩余劳动力能够尽快被吸收。     

流动人口对城市产业结构升级影响的实证研究——以宁波市为例

本文通过定量分析发现，人口结构水平上升1%，就能使产业结构水平提高5.12%。流动人口在支撑城市经济快速增长的同时，通过拉低城市人口结构水平曲线、延缓城市人口结构提升速度，对城市产业结构的升级产生了抑制。本文对此的解释是：流动人口产生的资本替代效应削弱了企业创新动力，流动人口知识、技术、技能积累不足制约了企业技术进步，流动人口消费能力偏低维持了城市低端产业的生存空间，三方面的共同作用抑制了城市产业结构的升级。