爱欲与文明的冲突——荷马笔下的帕里斯和海伦

“阿喀琉斯的愤怒”是荷马史诗《伊利亚特》的情节主线，但引起特洛亚十年血战的“海伦的爱情”则是这部史诗的一条暗线。荷马不仅通过阿喀琉斯、赫克托耳等民族英雄的功勋战绩，高歌国家的荣誉和个人对社会的责任，而且在对帕里斯和海伦爱情的悉心描述中，咏叹个人的自由选择和真挚恋情。在由这两条情节主线构成的内在矛盾里，荷马从容不迫地演示着“爱欲与文明的冲突”     

英雄、神明与秩序——理解赫克托尔的死亡

荷马的<伊利亚特>结束于赫克托尔的葬礼.赫克托尔的死亡令特洛伊失去支撑,也让荷马的歌咏徐徐收场.不仅如此,在<伊利亚特>中,赫克托尔的葬礼还是神明对人类事务的最后一次干预.荷马对史诗的如此编织,是否有着特别的隐喻或寓托?依循<伊利亚特>情节,赫克托尔的死亡源于命运中的两次重大"突转"--帕里斯携海伦来到特洛伊以及赫克托尔杀死帕特罗克洛斯,但从根本上讲,赫克托尔的死亡是宙斯实现计划、宇宙葆有秩序的必然.     

从“阿喀琉斯之死”到“苏格拉底之死”——苏格拉底哲学的荷马背景分析

关于苏格拉底之死,有维护贵族统治说、拥护民主说、悲剧说与顽固保守和不见容于希腊说等几种主流的死因分析.但苏格拉底在命运、选择方面对荷马史诗中阿喀琉斯的认同,以及阿喀琉斯之死,笔者以为苏格拉底之死是有其深刻的文化背景的,应从"阿喀琉斯之死"所昭示的希腊精神入手,在希腊文化层面上对苏格拉底之死进行分析.     

索福克勒斯悲剧与现代西方悲剧创作

索福克勒斯是古希腊三大悲剧家之一,其作品《俄狄浦斯王》代表着古希腊悲剧创作的最高水平。索福克勒斯悲剧创作以"伟大人物"作为其悲剧创作的主人公,人物形象鲜明,布局巧妙,结构严整。其悲剧创作主题突出"人"与"命运"抗争,体现赞美生命、昂扬人类意志的精神力量,因此,被称为"命运悲剧"。与索福克勒斯悲剧创作主题相比,现代西方悲剧创作的主题构建受到时代背景的影响而有所不同,但是,在主题构建、主人公性格塑造、情节展开、气氛渲染等方面继承并发扬了索福克勒斯悲剧的创作主题,传承了人类不屈服于命运安排的精神力量,使悲剧创作具有现实主义色彩。     

《雷雨》中人物悲剧的审美表现——从中西艺术融合的角度审视

《雷雨》是中国现代戏剧艺术的典范。从命运悲剧与性格悲剧融合的角度出发,分析《雷雨》在借鉴古希腊的悲剧命运观念和审美模式并与我国的悲剧艺术相结合以表现人物的悲剧,成功地塑造以命运悲剧为主要类型的侍萍的悲剧形象和以性格悲剧类型为主要类型的蘩漪的悲剧形象,揭示其对中西方悲剧艺术的吸收、融合所表现出的独特艺术魅力,并探讨形成人物悲剧的深层原因。     

关于雷默利亚大陆

我们知道,印度南端以南是浩瀚的印度洋和孟加拉湾。但是根据泰米尔语古籍的记载,在远古时期,这里不是海洋,而是一块辽阔的陆地。《脚镯记》是最早(公元2世纪)问世的泰米尔语长篇叙事史诗之一。它以金脚镯为线索,描述了甘娜姬、哥瓦兰和玛达薇三个人之间的爱情悲剧。这部作品虽然是一部叙事史诗,却告诉人们一次值得研究的地质变化:印度洋地区原先是一块大陆,后来变成了海洋。     

《骆驼祥子》的本族性透视

《骆驼祥子》作为一篇悲剧性名著,其中所诠释的悲剧具有明显的本族性。它体现了老舍先生对本民族命运的关注和忧虑。我们从小说的幽默风格、人物的悲剧命运结局、人物的职业选择、经历、习性以及特殊地理环境的选择等．不难窥见这种悲剧的本族性倾向。     

现代西西弗斯神话--《卡斯特桥市长》的悲剧因素新探

本文在分析哈代的悲剧小说《卡斯特桥市长》与古希腊悲剧的承袭关系 ,进而探讨作品中显现出的悲剧因素。笔者认为 ,主人公亨查德的个性特征和传奇经历足以说明他是集性格缺陷及命运羁绊于一身 ,处于荒诞境遇中的悲剧英雄 ,而极具哲理性的《卡斯特桥市长》是秉承古希腊悲剧传统的一部现代西西弗斯神话。     

苦难中的超越——读陈忠实先生的《贤亮印象》

陈忠实创作的《贤亮印象》是一首咏怀诗,全诗实写张贤亮,又处处是作者的人生感悟与抒怀,也是对这一代苦难人生的最好注解.作为同时代的西部作家,陈忠实、张贤亮的作品都具有鲜明的苦难意识和悲剧情怀,具有悲壮、悲悯、悲愤色彩,人物充满艰辛与悲凉,都呈现出鲜明的现实主义特征,具有反思思辨色彩,深邃而浑厚,体现出阳刚之气.他们都具有明确的史诗意识,力图构建具有鲜明史诗品格、史诗意蕴的作品,从社会、文化视角反思民族命运、时代变迁,而此诗正是最好的诠释.     

史诗大片的完美转身

虽然改编自史诗及中世纪传说,新版本的《特里斯坦和伊索德》的故事已经再非传说中的模样。因为与经典爱情电影《罗密欧与朱丽叶》相似度很大,被西方媒体冠以《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中世纪前奏版,自然无可非议。但是对于这部电影的制作团队在电影史上的贡献来说,这部电影堪称战争史诗大片的完美转身。中世纪的黑铁时代,传奇的骑士故事,好莱     

The Death of a Child

Summary The death of a child is an intrinsically tragic event for theparents of that child. What might appear as abnormal grief inbereaved parents can often be understood in the context of thepreceding circumstances of their lives and that of the child.This paper examines guilt and anger as experienced by a bereavedcouple in relation to the sudden death of their mongol son;the inability of another couple to detach themselves from theirbaby who had suffered a cot death; and the effects on bereavedparents of the denial of death in modern society.     

Emotion Regulation in Low-income Preschoolers

The present study was concerned with identifying the causes of low-income preschoolers' negative emotions and their most common regulation responses. The relations of family socialization practices and temperament to the children's emotion regulation skills were also examined. Ninety predominantly minority low-income preschoolers (46 boys) and their mothers participated. During visits to the children's preschools, observers watched for expressions of anger and sadness, and recorded the causes of the displays and the children's reactions. Mothers reported on their emotion socialization and discipline practices and their children's temperament. Although the children expressed more anger than sadness, they used more constructive reactions in response to sadness and more non-constructive reactions in response to anger. Maternal reports of appropriate family emotion were associated with low levels of non-constructive regulation responses to anger and sadness whereas reports of inconsistent parental discipline were generally associated with non-constructive regulation responses. All in all, the findings of this study are in accord with findings on middle-income children and indicate that low- and middle-income children are more alike than different with regard to the regulation of negative emotion in the peer environment.     

Parenting stress and anger: the Hong Kong experience

This paper examines the relationship between parenting stress and anger. A study was done on parenting stress and anger and its form of expression among Hong Kong Chinese parents. Three measures were used in the study: Abidin's Parental Stress Index/Short Form (PSI/SF; 1990), the Maternal Social Support Index (Pascoe et al. 1981) and Spielberger's State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI; 1991). A total of 475 parents of children in a primary school participated in the study. The Chinese PSI/SF and the STAXI showed good inter-item reliability. The study helped to provide a profile of the parenting stress and the style of anger expression of Hong Kong Chinese parents. Stress was not found to be related to the year of the children in school or the general socio-economic conditions of the family. But stress correlated positively with anger expression. Multiple regression showed that anger expression was most strongly related to Trait Anger, the Difficult Child scores and the social support available to respondents. Rather than blaming the parent or the child, it is suggested more services should be provided to enhance the anger management, problem-solving skills and social support of the parents.     

Pathways to Collective Protest: Calculation, Identification, or Emotion? A Critical Analysis of the Role of Group-Based Anger in Social Movement Participation

The dual-pathway model of collective action proposes two motivational pathways to collective protest, one is based on cost–benefit calculations and another is based on collective identification . The present research examined the role of feelings of group-based anger as an additional path. Study 1, a field study in the context of students' protest in Germany ( N = 201), provided evidence for a unique effect of anger. Study 2, a laboratory experiment ( N = 182), examined the desire to release aggressive tension as a psychological process underlying this effect. As hypothesized, analyses confirmed that anger affected participants' willingness to protest only to the extent that this behavior provided the opportunity of cathartic reduction in aggressive tensions. Moreover, an experimental manipulation providing an alternative means to release tension reduced the relationship between anger and willingness to protest to nonsignificance. The implications of these findings for reconceptualizing the role of anger in collective protest are discussed.     

Approach‐related emotion,toddlers' persistence,and negative reactions to failure

Approach behavior, defined as differences in behavior to an incentive event and anger at its removal, was assessed during contingency learning in 87 5‐month olds was related to maternal ratings of mastery behaviors at 2 years. Mothers reported on infants' concurrent temperament, as well as the occurrence of anger and tantrums, and their own anger at 12 months. Approach behavior was expected to predict persistence with objects and persistent motor behavior, but not negative reactions to failure. Negative reactions to failure were expected to be mediated by a distress‐prone temperament. The moderating effect of maternal anger on these relations was also explored using conditional process regression models. Controlling for soothability, early approach behavior predicted toddlers' persistence, especially gross motor persistence, moderated by maternal anger. With more maternal anger, approach behavior and toddler's persistence were more strongly related. Distress to limits, infant anger at 12 months, and maternal anger were significantly correlated, but only infant anger was related to negative reactions to failure. Prior to 6 months, goal‐directed behavior is related to later behavioral persistence, but maternal responses to child anger are an important contributor to this relation and by 12 months, infant anger directly predicts mastery frustration at 2 years.     

Longitudinal relations of preschoolers’ dispositional and situational anger to their prosocial behavior: The moderating role of shyness

Generally, research on children’s anger and prosocial outcomes has been inconsistent, perhaps because researchers have overlooked nuances in children’s anger, such as whether the emotion is situational versus dispositional or is in response to blocked goals versus violations of moral principles (e.g., unfairness). Additionally, mixed findings may be due to potential moderators such as shyness. In this study, we investigated the unique relations of children’s (n = 192, 54.7% boys; M_age = 41.75 months) dispositional and situational anger in response to unfairness at 42 months old to their prosocial behavior toward strangers a year later. Further, we examined whether children’s shyness moderated the relations. Longitudinal models controlling for stability of the constructs showed that dispositional anger was unrelated to prosocial behavior whereas situational anger positively predicted later prosocial behavior. Further, children’s shyness moderated the relation between situational anger (but not dispositional anger) and prosocial behavior. For shy children, prosocial behavior toward strangers was low, regardless of anger; for those who were low or average in shyness, situational anger positively predicted prosocial behavior. The findings suggest that when children are not too shy to approach strangers, anger in response to unfairness may be an important precursor for later other‐oriented moral tendencies.     

“祥林嫂”是谁?

人们通常认为《祝福》是一篇反封建的小说,主人公祥林嫂的命运及其遭际则是数千年中国下层妇女的一个缩影。但本文认为,透过《祝福》的文本缝隙,我们能够看到在这个人物身上所体现的不仅是一个封建妇女的形象,而且还有鲁迅先生本人的身影,而对于这一点的解读则是理解《祝福》的关键所在。     

战争悲剧的另一种书写：《朗读者》解读

《朗读者》以德国作家特有的反思意识,通过叙述一个不同寻常的爱情故事以及其中人物命运的曲折变化,揭示了二战后人们对这场战争及其影响的种种思考和困惑,不失为对人类战争的另一种书写。从生死、爱情、文明、罪与罚等视角,阐释该小说的悲剧主题,挖掘其悲剧内涵,评估其文学价值,有助于通过深层次地探讨历史来剖析人性、启迪未来。     

悲剧视界中的尤金·奥尼尔

悲剧素来被看作艺术的最高形式,由悲剧意识和悲剧精神两个要素构成。人在情感与理智、现实与理想、生存与死亡的复杂悲剧矛盾关系中,始终不懈地追求自我本质力量的实现。悲剧并非仅指生命的苦难与毁灭,更重要的是面对不可避免的苦难和死亡的来临时,人所持的敢于抗争的态度和勇于超越的精神。尤金.奥尼尔以悲剧进行创作、借悲剧阐释社会现实、用悲剧精神启迪人生,在美国文学乃至世界文学中影响深远。     

Jealousy in Firstborn Toddlers within the Context of the Primary Family Triad

Childhood jealousy has typically been examined in a limited number of jealousy‐evoking contexts and mainly with the mother only, thus providing a narrow view on the manifestations of jealousy. The aim of the present article is to examine childhood jealousy within parent–child dyads and (mother–father–child) triads and across multiple contexts. The sample included 87 Dutch families with a toddler (38 girls, 49 boys, M_age: 23 months). Children were challenged in several jealousy‐evoking situations using social and non‐social objects as rivals during videotaped family play sessions. Children's jealous behavior (e.g., negativity, distraction) and jealous emotions (e.g., anger) were coded. We found the most jealous behavior in contexts including a doll as a rival and the least in the non‐social object conditions. Children showed more jealous behavior toward mothers than fathers. Children showed elevated levels of anger in most jealousy situations.