创造性与知识、智力和人格关系研究述评

创造性与知识、智力和人格关系问题是创造性研究中的重要课题,并对教育的价值追求具有导向作用。过去国际学术界对这些问题的认识存在重大分歧,但最近的有些观点具有逐渐融合的趋势。本文利用国内外新近研究资料重新评价了有关的观点,并对新近出现的实证研究证据及其对教育的意义进行了讨论。     

Training Supervisors in Two Cultures: Toward a Model for Codifying Practice Wisdom and Local Knowledge

This article describes parallel learning issues that emerged in supervision training and research at a school for social work in the United States and at a university in Northern Thailand. It presents a conceptual model for understanding and addressing these shared training issues and explores the model's cross-cultural relevance and utility.     

Dilemmas in Creating an Intern/Field Instructor Supervision Group in a School Setting: Thoughts on Role and Authority

ABSTRACT

Being guests in a host system, a school-based health program (SBHP), presents social workers with complex challenges that underscores the need for regular, supportive supervision. Group supervision is especially useful in bridging this gap, reducing isolation, and uniting a social work team dispersed across four different schools. This article reports on efforts to strengthen a social work component in a four-unit SBHP through the creation of a bi-weekly supervision group. Due to the hierarchical mixed membership of field instructors, interns and program administrator, this group addressed challenges and opportunities around role, authority, and power dynamics.     

建设海洋命运共同体:知识、制度和行动

“海洋命运共同体”是“人类命运共同体”治理理念在海洋问题上的具体体现。“海洋命运共同体”建设是一项国际性的社会工程。知识所反映的发展规律可以形成说服其他行为体参与集体行动的软实力。引领未来的海洋治理需要我们具备提出治理方案的完整的知识体系。与此同时,还需要推动制度建设,构建区域性制度、领域性制度,形成完善的制度体系。在“海洋命运共同体”建设中,中国要赢得全球伙伴的尊重,就必须提供相应的公共产品,为全球公正、合理、可持续的海洋秩序做出贡献。建设“海洋命运共同体”是全人类的共同目标。中国需要在国际社会中团结在理念和利益方面的志同道合者,支持以“海洋命运共同体”为伦理基础的治理方案。     

Knowledge, interests and the many meanings of evaluation: a developmental perspective

The problems addressed by evaluation research and practice are the problems that emerged in the efforts to form, consolidate, and reform the modern welfare state. Each of these problems are linked with stakeholders with divergent and often conflicting interests. One of the major characteristics of the history of evaluation research has been efforts to develop evaluation theory, design and methodology that are responsive to the knowledge interests of different stakeholders.     

Relations among Sadness Regulation,Peer Acceptance,and Social Functioning in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender

Using a multi‐informant approach, this study examined emotion regulation within the social context of White and Black adolescent peer groups by assessing two aspects of sadness expression management (i.e., inhibition, disinhibition) and their linkages to peer acceptance and social functioning as a function of gender and ethnicity. Seventh‐ and eighth‐grade adolescents (N = 155, 52 percent female, 54.8 percent Black) completed self‐reports and peer nominations of sadness management and sociometric ratings of peer acceptance. Parents rated their child's social competence and social problems. Results revealed specific patterns of sadness regulation across informants that were associated with social functioning and varied by gender, but not ethnicity. Boys were more likely than girls to minimize sadness displays; boys who violated this pattern had lower peer acceptance and higher parent‐rated social problems. In contrast, although girls were rated as displaying overt sadness more frequently than boys, this was unrelated to peer acceptance.     

Emotion Knowledge, Social Competence, and Behavior Problems in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Review

The present meta-analytic review examined the magnitude of the relation between discrete emotion knowledge and three of its most commonly studied correlates in childhood and adolescence: social competence, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems. Emotion knowledge demonstrated small to medium-sized relations with each correlate. Moderators of effect size were also examined and included multiple sample and methodological characteristics. Using random effects models, significant moderators of effect size for relations between emotion knowledge and externalizing problems included sample recruitment, sample age, and the source of externalizing problems ratings. Moderators of effect size were not found for emotion knowledge and social competence, and the effect sizes across samples for emotion knowledge and internalizing problems were homogeneous. Results highlight the relatively consistent yet modest relations between emotion knowledge and its correlates. Implications for applied research and new directions for research on emotion knowledge using innovative methods are discussed.     

Welfare Policies and the Construction of Welfare Relations in a Residual Welfare State: The Case of Hong Kong

Each welfare system has its own welfare relations for shaping and maintaining certain types of welfare practices and welfare ideologies. Welfare relations concern the distribution of welfare responsibilities among various social institutions, the public's welfare expectations and entitlements, and the status of welfare recipients. Welfare policies, which are a legal basis of the dominant class's philosophy as well as a mechanism for policing welfare recipients' use of benefits, play an important role in shaping and constructing the welfare relations of a country. This paper discusses how welfare policies construct the required welfare relations with regard to Hong Kong's social security system. It is argued that the persistence of Hong Kong's residual welfare model is partly based on the residual welfare relations which facilitate family-centred and market-oriented welfare practices.     

Knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS: a comparison between Arab and Jewish professionals living in Israel

This paper investigates similarities and differences between Arab and Jewish professionals living in Israel regarding their knowledge and attitudes about AIDS. Although AIDS in Israel is not considered to be a pressing crisis, the aim of the research is to document and analyse what professionals in the helping professions – Arabs and Jews alike – know and how they feel about AIDS. The study also explores thoughts and feelings concerning AIDS–related education and training. This is the first scholarly attempt to compare Israeli and Arab professionals' attitudes and knowledge about such a stigmatised topic as the AIDS epidemic. The study sample consists of 350 professionals, including 218 Jews and 132 Arabs, working in various social and health–care agencies providing services to the Arab population. Professionals include social workers, nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and special education teachers and counsellors. Results indicate that Jewish professionals scored significantly higher on both knowledge and attitude scales than did their Arab counterparts. Two regression models predicting both knowledge and attitudes are presented, and their implications are discussed using several frameworks: the status of the disease, including perception of the threat; perception of adequacy of training; educational environment; and the socialisation process of Arab professionals in Israel     

关系网络与地下经济——基于上海一个自行车黑市的研究

本文以一个自行车黑市为案例,考察关系网络与地下经济活动相互作用的动态过程。研究表明,自行车黑市活动衍生的关系网络促进了信息传递,提升了信任水平,降低了安全风险,增加了黑市的效益,塑造出互惠的交易模式。随着黑市的运作,关系网络继续演化,当信息和信任积累到一定程度时,黑车贩子间达成了关于货源收购和价格同盟的卡特尔协议,黑市的运作方式再一次被改变。关系网络对潜在违规力量产生威慑,起到维护市场秩序的作用。     

知识、策略及权力关系再生产对鲁西南某景区开发引起的社会冲突的分析

对中国农村社会冲突的研究以实证研究居多。这些研究多集中在以下几个方面:一是农村社区内的人际关系;二是村庄与乡镇间的冲突;三是干群冲突;四是村庄“两委”(村民委员会和党支委)间的冲突;五是乡规民约与国家法律的冲突。此外,也有少数学者研究农村社会的文化冲突。但上述研究侧重于冲突的发展及冲突的解决,对冲突产生的原因以及冲突过程所隐含的权力关系均不够关注。张静和孙立平等人突破传统的研究视角,从国家与社会关系的角度重新审视了农村的社区冲突。张静(2000,2002)认为,“国家政权建设”在中国没有完成,因此,既没有构成强大的约束…     

知识社区、价值基点、制度自觉——关于哲学社会科学创新的若干思考

如何推进哲学社会科学创新是“十二五”期间的重大课题。把握哲学社会科学创新的社区逻辑,厘清阻碍哲学社会科学创新的价值矛盾,探索实现哲学社会科学创新的制度路径,对于推进我国哲学社会科学的基础创新、整体进步意义重大。     

传统中国社会的情理与人伦:以京剧《四郎探母》为例

京剧《四郎探母》讲述的是宋辽两国交战，主人公杨四郎身处两个家和两个国的伦理困境中，而铁镜公主、佘太君、萧太后等人对情义的认同和坚守最终成全了杨四郎探母乃至回令的故事。晚清至民国，京剧《四郎探母》在民众当中十分流行，广受欢迎，但1949年之后这部剧却经历了四次大讨论，并屡次被禁演，而在解禁后又长演不衰。对四郎的同情和理解与对四郎“不忠不孝”“叛国投敌”的批评和斥责，形成了鲜明的对比。本文认为，京剧《四郎探母》所表达的传统中国社会是情理社会，而人们也正是通过以情理为基本取向的社会行动最终铸就了一个以情理为基本精神的社会结构。情理的根本是人伦，人伦精神贯穿于家国社会之中。     

Knowledge Community,Value Base and System Consciousness: A Reflection on Innovation in Philosophy and Social Sciences

如何推进哲学社会科学创新是 “十二五” 期间的重大课题。把握哲学社会科学创新的社区逻辑, 厘清阻碍哲学社会科学创新的价值矛盾, 探索实现哲学社会科学创新 的制度路径, 对于推进我国哲学社会科学的基础创新、整体进步意义重大。关键词: 哲学社会科学 创新发展 知识社区 价值基点 制度自觉

An important task in the period of 12^th Five-year Plan is to promote innovation in research in philosophy and social sciences. In order to fulfill this task, we need to grasp the logic of the knowledge community, clear up value conflicts that hinder our progress, and map the route of system change in this field.     

It Takes Two to Fight in School,Too: A Social Relations Model of the Psychometric Properties and Relative Variance of Dyadic Aggression and Victimization in Middle School

Aggressive behavior has been well studied in terms of interindividual differences among aggressors and victims, but has been understudied, especially within naturalistic contexts, in terms of aggressor–victim relationships. The social relations model (SRM) is a powerful conceptual and analytic tool for studying dyadic phenomena, and we describe the use of multivariate SRM to study aggression. Boys and girls (N = 210) in middle schools (sixth and seventh grades) completed a newly created dyadic aggression and victimization inventory (DAVI). Results support the reliability and validity of the DAVI in assessing inter‐individual and inter‐dyadic differences in aggression and victimization. Occurrences of aggression were accounted for primarily by inter‐dyadic variability, indicating the importance of considering aggressor–victim relationships. We discuss the implications of this relationship focus for future research and intervention efforts.     

Ethnic and cultural differences in knowledge about HIV and AIDS: a study of 150 young women from Sweden, Chile and Ecuador

This article illustrates the differences in knowledge about HIV and AIDS and attitudes among 150 young women from three different countries (Sweden, Chile and Ecuador). In each country, 50 consecutive women, visiting a family planning clinic answered 23 structured questions. The questionnaire was translated into Spanish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age, education, ethnicity and religion on young women's knowledge of HIV and AIDS. This study shows that ethnicity is the most important independent variable influencing the level of knowledge (stepwise logistic regression). Also, in Chile and Ecuador, less than 10% of the women in the study required that their partner use a condom. In Sweden the use of condoms is often combined with another contraceptive, yet more than two thirds of the women in Sweden were unprotected from a sexually transmitted disease during coitus.     

Including migrant skills in a knowledge economy: The politics of recognition of foreign qualifications,work experience and industry courses

The lack of skilled labour pushes mature knowledge economies towards importing skills. Previous studies have shown that migrants' economic and social integration in their host societies depend on the recognition of their skills. Yet, the degree to which the certificates of migrants and their practical experience are recognised and additional training is offered, is contested. Interests conflict not only between unions and employers, but also among employers and unions themselves. We argue that social partners' preferences on foreign qualification recognition (FQR), recognition of experience and industry-wide training (in the following: FQR and related measures) are mainly determined by the existence of occupational labour markets. An occupational labour market segments the labour market and subsequently restricts access to these segments. FQR and related measures constitute a regulated avenue into these occupational labour markets, protecting these labour markets from an uncontrolled influx of workers. Empirically, this contribution compares whether and how hospitality and construction industries—two sectors that depend heavily on migrants and difficult to organise due to seasonal activity—recognise and remunerate foreign skills. The construction sector recognises and remunerates foreign skills to a much larger extent than the hospitality industry. Adopting the method of difference and based on expert interviews, the paper shows that the more social partners protect their domestic occupational labour market, the more they also support FQR and related measures. The article discusses the implications for migrants' wages and social inclusion, contributing to the analysis of socio-economic tensions in mature knowledge economies.