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1.
Houy Nicolas 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,27(2):341-345
In a recent article, Quesada (Soc Choice Welfare 20 363–370, 2003) showed that if, for strict preferences, a unique strongly unanimous Choice Function (CF) is used to aggregate preferences position-wise then the resulting Social Welfare Function (SWF) is dictatorial. We show that this result is still true if one allows the use of different choice functions, one for each position. We also show that allowing choice functions not to be unanimous leads to SCW that are perm-dictatorial or imposed. We also show a way to set a dual problem to the one exposed in Que03, namely only perm-dictatorial and imposed SWFs can be decomposed into several Dual Choice Functions.An anonymous referee is thanked for his useful remarks. 相似文献
2.
Alexander Reffgen 《Social Choice and Welfare》2011,37(1):39-59
The Gibbard–Satterthwaite (GS) theorem is generalized in three ways: First, it is proved that the theorem is still valid when
individual preferences belong to a convenient class of partial preferences; second, it is shown that every non-dictatorial
surjective social choice function (SCF) is not only manipulable, but it can be manipulated in such a way that some individual
obtains either his best or second best alternative; third, we prove a variant of the theorem where the outcomes of the SCF
are subsets of the set of alternatives of an a priori fixed size. In addition, all results are proved not only for finite,
but also for countably infinite sets of alternatives. 相似文献
3.
We consider an economy with two agents, “firm” and “worker.” The firm owns a technology which transforms a single input into
a single output and the worker owns a limited amount of input good, for example, leisure. The firm is interested in profit
measured in terms of output and the worker's preferences are defined over the input-output space. Manipulability comes not
only from a lack of information about the (worker's) preferences but also about the technology. With a possibility for manipulation,
can we still obtain efficient allocations? We show that there is no allocation mechanism which is Pareto efficient, strategy-proof,
and non-dictatorial.
Received: 30 March 1998/Accepted: 06 July 1999 相似文献
4.
We characterize games which induce truthful revelation of the players’ preferences, either as dominant strategies (straightforward
games) or in Nash equilibria. Strategies are statements of individual preferences on R
n
. Outcomes are social preferences. Preferences over outcomes are defined by a distance from a bliss point. We prove that g is straightforward if and only if g is locally constant or dictatorial (LCD), i.e., coordinate-wise either a constant or a projection map locally for almost all strategy profiles. We also establish that: (i) If a game is straightforward and respects unanimity, then the
map g must be continuous, (ii) Straightforwardness is a nowhere dense property, (iii) There exist differentiable straightforward
games which are non-dictatorial. (iv) If a social choice rule is Nash implementable, then it is straightforward and locally
constant or dictatorial.
Received: 30 December 1994/Accepted: 22 April 1996 相似文献
5.
We provide a simple construction of social choice rules for economies with infinite populations. The rules are continuous,
Pareto and non-dictatorial; they are constructed as limits of individual preferences when the limit exists, and otherwise
as adequate generalizations. This contrasts with the impossibility results of Arrow (1951) and Chichilnisky (1980), which
are valid on economies with finitely many individuals. Our social choice rules are, however, limits of dictatorial rules.
This paper was written in 1979.
Received: 30 October 1994/Accepted: 22 April 1996 相似文献
6.
This paper investigates the number of profiles at which a social choice function is manipulable. It is found that there is
a lower bound on this number when the social choice function is assumed non-dictatorial. Also, any number between this lower
bound and the maximal number of profiles may be obtained as the number of manipulable profiles of some social choice function.
Received: 30 November 1993 / Accepted: 14 April 1997 相似文献
7.
Yew-Kwang Ng 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(2):197-216
Harsanyi (1997) argues that, for normative issues, informed preferences should be used, instead of actual preferences or
happiness (or welfare). Following his argument allowing him to move from actual to informed preferences to its logical conclusion
forces us to use happiness instead. Where informed preferences differ from happiness due to a pure concern for the welfare
of others, using the former involves multiple counting. This “concerning effect” (non-affective altruism) differs from and
could be on top of the “minding effect” (affective altruism) of being happy seeing or helping others to be happy. The concerning/minding
effect should be excluded/included in social decision. Non-affective altruism is shown to exist in a compelling hypothetical
example. Just as actual preferences should be discounted due to the effects of ignorance and spurious preferences, informed
preferences should also be discounted due to some inborn or acquired tendencies to be irrational, such as placing insufficient
weights on the welfare of the future, maximizing our biological fitness instead of our welfare. Harsanyi's old result on utilitarianism
is however defended against criticisms in the last decade.
Harsanyi (1997) argues, among other things, that in welfare economics and ethics, what are important are people's informed preferences, rather than either their actual preferences (as emphasized by modern economists) or their happiness (as emphasized by early utilitarians). The main purpose of this paper is to argue that, pursuing Harsanyi's argument that
allows him to move from actual to informed preferences to its logical conclusion forces us to happiness as the ultimately
important thing. The early utilitarians were right after all! Since I personally approve of Harsanyi's basic argument, I regard
myself as his follower who becomes more Catholic than the Pope. (It is not denied that, in practice, the practical difficulties
and undesirable side-effects of the procedure of using happiness instead of preferences have to be taken into account. Thus, even if we ultimately wish to maximize the
aggregate happiness of people, it may be best in practice to maximize their aggregate preferences in most instances. This
important consideration will be largely ignored in this paper.) The secondary objective is to give a brief defence of Harsanyi's
(1953, 1955) much earlier argument for utilitarianism (social welfare as a sum of individual utilities) that has received
some criticisms in the last decade. The argument (e.g. Roemer 1996) that Harsanyi's result is irrelevant to utilitarianism
is based on the point that the VNM (von Neumann-Morgenstern) utility is unrelated to the subjective and interpersonally comparable
cardinal utility needed for a social welfare function. Harsanyi's position is defended by showing that the two types of utility
are the same (apart from an indeterminate zero point for the former that is irrelevant for utilitarianism concerning the same
set of people).
Received: 29 May 1997 / Accepted: 3 November 1997 相似文献
8.
It is well known that many aggregation rules are manipulable through strategic behaviour. Typically, the aggregation rules considered in the literature are social choice correspondences. In this paper the aggregation rules of interest are social welfare functions (SWFs). We investigate the problem of constructing a SWF that is non-manipulable. In this context, individuals attempt to manipulate a social ordering as opposed to a social choice. Using techniques from an ordinal version of fuzzy set theory, we introduce a class of ordinally fuzzy binary relations of which exact binary relations are a special case. Operating within this family enables us to prove an impossibility theorem. This theorem states that all non-manipulable SWFs are dictatorial, provided that they are not constant. This theorem uses a weaker transitivity condition than the one in Perote-Peña and Piggins (J Math Econ 43:564–580, 2007), and the ordinal framework we employ is more general than the cardinal setting used there. We conclude by considering several ways of circumventing this impossibility theorem. 相似文献
9.
Valentino Dardanoni 《Social Choice and Welfare》2001,18(1):107-112
In this note I consider a simple proof of Arrow's Impossibility Theorem (Arrow 1963). I start with the case of three individuals
who have preferences on three alternatives. In this special case there are 133=2197 possible combinations of the three individuals' rational preferences. However, by considering the subset of linear preferences, and employing the full strength of the IIA axiom, I reduce the number of cases necessary to completely describe
the SWF to a small number, allowing an elementary proof suitable for most undergraduate students.
This special case conveys the nature of Arrow's result. It is well known that the restriction to three options is not really
limiting (any larger set of alternatives can be broken down into triplets, and any inconsistency within a triplet implies
an inconsistency on the larger set). However, the general case of n≥3 individuals can be easily considered in this framework, by building on the proof of the simpler case. I hope that a motivated
student, having mastered the simple case of three individuals, will find this extension approachable and rewarding.
This approach can be compared with the traditional simple proofs of Barberà (1980); Blau (1972); Denicolò (1996); Fishburn
(1970); Kelly (1988); Mueller (1989); Riker and Ordeshook (1973); Sen (1979, 1986); Suzumura (1988), and Taylor (1995).
Received: 5 January 1999/Accepted: 10 December 1999 相似文献
10.
Psychology Implies Paternalism? Bounded Rationality may Reduce the Rationale to Regulate Risk-Taking 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Behavioral economists increasingly argue that violations of rationality axioms provide a new rationale for paternalism – to
“de-bias” individuals who exhibit errors, biases and other allegedly pathological psychological regularities associated with
Tversky and Kahneman’s (in Science 185:1124–1131, 1974) heuristics-and-biases program. The argument is flawed, however, in
neglecting to distinguish aggregate from individual rationality. The aggregate consequences of departures from normative decision-making
axioms may be Pareto-inferior or superior. Without a well-specified theory of aggregation, individual-level biases do not
necessarily imply losses in efficiency. This paper considers the problem of using a social-welfare function to decide whether
to regulate risk-taking behavior in a population whose individual-level behavior may or may not be consistent with expected
utility maximization. According to the social-welfare objective, unregulated aggregate risk distributions resulting from non-maximizing
behavior are often more acceptable (i.e., lead to a weaker rationale for paternalism) than population distributions generated
by behavior that conforms to the standard axioms. Thus, psychological theories that depart from axiomatic decision-making
norms do not necessarily strengthen the case for paternalism, and conformity with such norms is generally not an appropriate
policy-making objective in itself. 相似文献
11.
James Redekop 《Social Choice and Welfare》1993,10(2):107-126
12.
Consistent judgement aggregation: the truth-functional case 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Generalizing the celebrated “discursive dilemma”, we analyze judgement aggregation problems in which a group of agents independently
votes on a set of complex propositions (the “conclusions”) and on a set of “premises” by which the conclusions are truth-functionally
determined. We show that for conclusion- and premise-based aggregation rules to be mutually consistent, the aggregation must
always be “oligarchic”, that is: unanimous within a subset of agents, and typically even be dictatorial. We characterize exactly
when consistent non-dictatorial (or anonymous) aggregation rules exist, allowing for arbitrary conclusions and arbitrary interdependencies
among premises. 相似文献
13.
Laurent Vidu 《Social Choice and Welfare》1999,16(1):159-167
An Excess-Voting Function relative to a profile π assigns to each pair of alternatives (x,y), the number of voters who prefer x to y minus the number of voters who prefer y to x. It is shown that any non-binary separable Excess-Voting Function can be achieved from a preferences profile when individuals
are endowed with separable preferences. This result is an extension of Hollard and Le Breton (1996).
Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 8 October 1997 相似文献
14.
We call a domain of preference orderings “dictatorial” if there exists no Arrovian (Pareto optimal, IIA and non-dictatorial) social welfare function defined over that domain. In a finite world of alternatives where indifferences are ruled out, we identify a condition which implies the dictatoriality of a domain. This condition, to which we refer as “being essentially saturated”, is fairly weak. In fact, independent of the number of alternatives, there exists an essentially saturated (hence dictatorial) domain which consists of precisely six orderings. Moreover, this domain exhibits the superdictatoriality property, i.e., every superdomain of it is also dictatorial. Thus, given m alternatives, the ratio of the size of a superdictatorial domain to the size of the full domain may be as small as 6/m!, converging to zero as m increases. 相似文献
15.
There are many situations in which mis-coordinated strategic voting can leave strategic voters worse off than they would have been had they not tried to strategise. We analyse the simplest of such scenarios, in which a set of strategic voters all have the same sincere preferences and all contemplate casting the same strategic vote, while all other voters are not strategic. Most mis-coordinations in this framework can be classified as instances of either strategic overshooting (too many voted strategically) or strategic undershooting (too few). If mis-coordination can result in strategic voters ending up worse off than they would have been had they all just voted sincerely, we call the strategic vote unsafe. We show that under every onto and non-dictatorial social choice rule there exist circumstances where a voter has an incentive to cast a safe strategic vote. We extend the Gibbard–Satterthwaite Theorem by proving that every onto and non-dictatorial social choice rule can be individually manipulated by a voter casting a safe strategic vote. 相似文献
16.
We study the possibility of strategy-proof and efficient mechanisms in pure exchange economies. In his remarkable paper,
Zhou (1991) establishes an elegant impossibility result: there is no strategy-proof, efficient, and non-dictatorial mechanism
in the two-agent case. He conjectures that there is no strategy-proof, efficient, and “non-inversely-dictatorial” mechanism
in the case of three or more agents. However, we discover some counterexamples to his conjecture in the case of four or more
agents. We present a new interesting open question: Is there any strategy-proof, efficient, and “non-alternately-dictatorial”
mechanism?
Received: 17 October 2000/Accepted: 20 April 2001 相似文献
17.
Takeshi Momi 《Social Choice and Welfare》2013,40(3):787-792
We show that in a pure exchange economy with two agents and a finite number of goods, there exists no strategy-proof, Pareto-efficient, and non-dictatorial social choice allocation function on any local Cobb–Douglas preference domain. This is a slight extension of a result proved by Hashimoto (2008). 相似文献
18.
T. Groseclose 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,28(2):321-335
I examine a model of majority rule in which alternatives are described by two characteristics: (1) their position in a standard,
left-right dimension, and (2) their position in a good-bad dimension, over which voters have identical preferences. I show
that when voters’ preferences are single-peaked and concave over the first dimension, majority rule is transitive, and the majority’s preferences are identical to the median voter’s.
Thus, Black’s (The theory of committees and elections, 1958) theorem extends to such a “one and a half” dimensional framework.
Meanwhile, another well-known result of majority rule, Downs’ (An economic theory of democracy, 1957) electoral competition
model, does not extend to the framework. The condition that preferences can be represented in a one-and-a-half-dimensional
framework is strictly weaker than the condition that preferences be single-peaked and symmetric. The condition is strictly
stronger than the condition that preferences be order-restricted, as defined by Rothstein (Soc Choice Welf 7:331–342;1990). 相似文献
19.
John Duggan 《Social Choice and Welfare》1997,14(4):471-478
Hansson (1969) sets forth four conditions satisfied by no generalized social welfare function (GSWF), a mapping from profiles
of individual preferences to arbitrary social preference relations. Though transitivity is not imposed on social preferences,
one of Hansson’s conditions requires that socially maximal alternatives always exist. Of course, this condition is not satisfied
by the majority GSWF. We prove a generalization of Hansson’s theorem that requires the existence of maximal alternatives only
in very special cases. Our result applies to the majority GSWF and a large class of other GSWFs that sometimes produce no
maximal alternatives.
Received: 10 July 1995/Accepted: 4 March 1996 相似文献
20.
In the literature on social choice with fuzzy preferences, a central question is how to represent the transitivity of a fuzzy
binary relation. Arguably the most general way of doing this is to assume a form of transitivity called max-star transitivity.
The star operator in this formulation is commonly taken to be a triangular norm. The familiar max- min transitivity condition
is a member of this family, but there are infinitely many others. Restricting attention to fuzzy aggregation rules that satisfy
counterparts of unanimity and independence of irrelevant alternatives, we characterise the set of triangular norms that permit
preference aggregation to be non-dictatorial. This set contains all and only those norms that contain a zero divisor. 相似文献