共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 28 毫秒
1.
Donald N. McCloskey 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):3-19
Even formal methods in economics, which sociologists have been tempted to adopt, are “rhetorical,” in the sense of “argued
to other scholars, not proven forever and ever.” The rhetoric of inquiry, in other words, is not confined to flowery language.
Two examples of formal methods that have defective rhetorics are significance tests (in which the sociologists are far ahead)
and existence theorems (in which the sociologists are in danger of imitating the economists’ errors). Much effort in economics
is spent on a rhetoric without conclusions. A more humanistic economics — or sociology—would examine all the arguments, whether
mathematical or not.
He is also director of the Project on Rhetoric of Inquiry. 相似文献
2.
Norman K. Denzin 《The American Sociologist》2002,33(2):105-117
“The claim that all the world’s a stage is sufficiently commonplace for readers to be familiar with its limitations and tolerant
of its presentation.” (Goffman 1959, 72, 254)
“Given that the logic of privatization....now odiously shapes archetypes of citizenship, [and] manages our perceptions of
what constitute the ‘good society’....it stands to reason that new ethnographic research approaches must take global capitalism
not as an end point of analysis, but as a starting point.” (Kincheloe and McLaren 2000, 304)
“My abhorrence of neoliberalism helps to explain my legitimate anger when I speak of the injustices to which the ragpickers
among humanity are condemned. It also explains my total lack of interest in any pretension of impartiality, I am not impartial,
or objective...[this] does not prevent me from holding always a rigorously ethical position.” (Freire 1998, 22) 相似文献
3.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
4.
N. Will Shead David C. Hodgins 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):357-375
Factor scores on a gambling expectancy questionnaire (GEQ) were used to subtype 132 university students who gamble regularly
(37.9% male; M age = 22.6 years, SD = 6.04) as: Reward Expectancy Gamblers (Reward EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling
augments positive mood, Relief Expectancy Gamblers (Relief EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling relieves negative affect,
and Non-Expectancy Gamblers (Non-EGs)—have neither strong expectation. Gambling on a high-low card game was compared across
subtypes following priming for either “relief” or “reward” affect-regulation expectancies with the Scrambled Sentence Test
(SST). The hypothesized Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction was not significant. When a more stringent set of criteria for
GEQ subtyping was imposed, the “purified” sub-sample (n = 54) resulted in the hypothesized statistically significant Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction. Relief EGs gambled more
after being primed with the construct “relief of negative emotions” compared to after being primed with the construct “augmentation
of positive emotion.” Planned orthogonal contrasts showed a significant linear increase in number of bets made across GEQ
subtypes when prime type corresponded to GEQ subtype. The results suggest a need for components in gambling treatment programs
that address clients’ expectancies that gambling can provide a specific desirable emotional outcome. 相似文献
5.
Based on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews, this article delineates a process through which members of an Orthodox Jewish
neighborhood in Los Angeles unintentionally delegate boundary work and membership-identification to anonymous others in everyday
life. Living in the midst of a non-Jewish world, orthodox men are often approached by others, both Jews and non-Jews, who
categorize them as “religious Jews” based on external marks such as the yarmulke and attire. These interactions, varying from
mundane interactions to anti-Semitic incidents, are then tacitly anticipated by members even when they are not attending to
their “Jewishness”—when being a “Jew” is interactionally invisible. Through this case, I argue that, in addition to conceptualizing
boundaries and identifications as either emerging in performance or institutionally given and stable, the study of boundaries
should also chart the sites in which members anticipate categorization and the way these anticipations play out in everyday
life. 相似文献
6.
Thomas Medvetz 《Qualitative sociology》2010,33(4):549-562
This research note uses in-depth interviews, ethnographic observations, and archival records to examine the self-understandings
of think tank-affiliated policy experts. I argue that policy experts draw on a series of idioms—those of the academic scholar,
the political aide, the entrepreneur, and the media specialist—to construct a unique albeit synthetic professional identity.
The essence of the policy expert’s role lies in a continuous effort to balance and reconcile the contradictory imperatives
associated with these idioms. An analysis of the policy expert’s mixed “professional psyche” offers a useful point of entry
into the objective social structure of the think tank. 相似文献
7.
A. Javier Treviño 《The American Sociologist》1997,28(3):29-56
The purpose of this article is to conduct a social-psychological analysis of C. Wright Mills and his “Hispanic writings.”
I demonstrate how Mills's social-psychological theoretical framework, as articulated in Character and Social Structure, is attendant in his comments on Latinos and Latin America—a population and geopolitical region for which he seemed to have
a compelling if somewhat distant fascination. I conclude with a synopsis and appraisal of: (1) Mills's personal perceptions
of Latinos; (2) the social structural factors that impacted on the four Latino groups, and (3) the personality traits of Latinos
as Mills saw them. 相似文献
8.
This article focuses on Malawian sex workers’ understandings of exchange and intimacy, showing how multiple historically emergent
categories and specific work pragmatics produce specific patterns of relational meanings. As we show, sex workers make sense
of their relationships with clients through two categories. The first is sex work; the second is the chibwenzi, an intimate premarital relational category that emerged from pre-colonial transformations in courtship practices. These
categories, in turn, are also shaped differently in different work settings. We use narratives from in-depth interviews with
45 sex workers and bar managers in southern Malawi to describe how the everyday pragmatics of two forms of sex work—performed
by “bargirls” and “freelancers”—foster distinct understandings of relationships between them and men they have sex with. Bargirls,
who work and live in bars, blurred the boundaries between “regulars” and chibwenzi; freelancers, who are not tethered to a specific work environment, often subverted the meanings of the chibwenzi, presenting these relationships as both intimate and emotionally distant. Through this comparison, we thus refine an approach
to the study of the intimacy-exchange nexus, and use it to capture the complexities of gender relations in post-colonial Malawi. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, we provide an application-oriented characterization of a class of distance functions monotonically related
to the Euclidean distance in terms of some general properties of distance functions between real-valued vectors. Our analysis
hinges upon two fundamental properties of distance functions that we call “value-sensitivity” and “order-sensitivity”. We
show how these two general properties, combined with natural monotonicity considerations, lead to characterization results
that single out several versions of Euclidean distance from the wide class of separable distance functions. We then discuss
and motivate our results in two different and apparently unrelated application areas—mobility measurement and spatial voting
theory—and propose our characterization as a test for deciding whether Euclidean distance (or some suitable variant) should
be used in your favourite application context.
We would like to thank an editor and especially two anonymous referees for very useful comments which helped us to improve
the paper substantially. 相似文献
10.
Keith R. Brown 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):121-141
Markets for “socially responsible” products are comprised of activists who lead protests, organize boycotts, and promote the
consumption of these goods. However, the ultimate success of these movements is dependent upon the support of a large number
of consumers whose self-professed values often contradict with their own purchasing patterns. Consumer support of socially
responsible products cannot be explained by consumer culture theories, which privilege identity, attitudes, and behavior, or mass consumption theories, which emphasize location and advertising’s influence on consumption patterns. These perspectives are informative
but unable to explain why some consumers will only buy socially responsible products while others with similar value systems
possess much more contradictory consumption patterns. I extend Collin’s theory of “Interaction Ritual chains” to show that
rituals and emotions—more than identity or coercive advertising—explain how ethical consumers are mobilized. I show how face-to-face
interactions between consumers and producers produce solidarity and motivate support for the Fair Trade movement. This paper
employs a micro-sociological approach to contribute to studies of ethical consumption in three notable ways: 1) it emphasizes
the importance of “contexts” and is able to explain contradictions in consumer behavior; 2), it contributes to our understanding
of “brand communities” by describing the micro-sociological processes that both help to build these communities and create
value within the products that organize these groups; and 3) it offers the potential to develop a predictive model for the
purchasing patterns of consumers. 相似文献
11.
Gary T. Marx 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(2):135-152
A half century has gone by since the publication of Neil Smelser’s classic book on the Theory of Collective Behavior. The re-issue of the book triggered these observations in which I reflect on the fate of old books; trace a bit of the book’s genealogy; note changes in the field; and argue that Smelser’s book is really four books in one with varying impact over the decades and likely to be of varying interest to current scholars—an application of Parsonian theory to conflict and change; an elaboration of key concepts found with collective behavior which involves “uninstitutionalized mobilization to reconstitute components of social action on the basis of a generalized belief”; an elaboration of variables such as objective conditions of the social order, perceptions and belief systems required to understand the topic; and a comprehensive summary and critique of relevant empirical and theoretical work on collective behavior through the 1950s. Based on criticisms of the book, I suggest some areas that should be addressed were the book to be revised. 相似文献
12.
Christena Nippert-Eng 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):563-582
This article presents a discussion of the relationship between classification systems and individuals' everyday activities.
The concept of “boundary work” is defined as the practices that concretize and give meaning to mental frameworks by placing,
maintaining, and challenging cultural categories. “Home” and “work” provide a case study for examining boundary work across
a range of realm relationships, from those that are highly “integrating” to those that are highly “segmenting.” Boundary practices
involving calendars and keys, clothes and appearances, eating and drinking, money, people and their representations (like
photographs and gifts), talk styles and conversations, reading materials and habits, and work breaks (including lunches and
vacations) are discussed. Mary Douglas's work on categorical purity helps illustrate the relationship between cognitive order
and visible behavior seen in the boundary work of home and work.
This article includes material that was published in a larger study,Home and Work: Negotiating Boundaries Through Everyday Life (1996 University of Chicago Press), after it was presented at the 1995 Eastern Sociological Society meetings in Philadelphia. 相似文献
13.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
14.
Typologies of government–voluntary sector relations mostly categorize nation-level situations, and omit consideration of intra-national
differences. They are also rarely subject to empirical testing and subsequent theoretical development. This paper reports
on research to apply Kuhnle and Selle's (2002) relational typology, which characterizes the experience of “Britain,” to a
study of Scottish and English voluntary organizations' relations with government. Contrary to Kuhnle and Selle, the paper
demonstrates — through survey data — a divergence between Scotland and England, within the “British” context, and advances
the case for further testing of such conceptual typologies. The methodological challenges in moving from a theoretical framework
to a research design capable of field application, using survey methods, are illustrated and discussed. Further directions
for theoretically led work are suggested. 相似文献
15.
Joshua Gamson 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(2):231-261
Using information gathered during fieldwork on New York lesbian and gay film festival organizations, this paper argues that
scholarship on identity has not paid sufficient attention to the organizational mediation of collective identity. The shape
of collective identity—how internal instabilities and diversities are accommodated, in this case—depends not only on the emergent
characteristics of the “collective,” but also on the resolution of challenges particular to organizational fields. Two very
differently conceived lesbian and gay festival organizations, sites at which decision making about collective identity is
ongoing and self-conscious, are examined. The analysis traces how each responds to two related tasks: maintaining community
legitimacy, which requires racial diversification, and surviving within an altered institutional environment. Rather than
imposition from “above” or construction from “below,” the adaptive responses by organizations (to changes in both community
expectations and the resource environment) transform the collective identity formulations reaching public visibility.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Colloquium Series of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies, City University
of New York, 1995, and at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, DC, 1995. 相似文献
16.
Jan C. Schmidt 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):249-274
Among others, the term “problem” plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as “problem solving among science, technology and
society” and as “problem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints” (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the “problem”. The objective
here is to shed some light on the vague notion of “problem” in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: problem-oriented interdisciplinarity. The outline is as follows: Taking an ex negativo approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does not mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that
should not be placed under the umbrella term “problem-oriented ID”: object-oriented ID (“ontology”), theory-oriented ID (epistemology),
and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings.
I will then clarify the notion of “problem” by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired
(goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge:
systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of
problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging
type of ID. 相似文献
17.
Hendrik Jürges 《Review of Economics of the Household》2006,4(4):299-323
The paper studies the relevance of gender ideology for the geographic mobility of families using data from the German Socio-economic
Panel. The analysis proceeds in two steps. First, it is shown that single men and women—who are in some sense “unconstrained”
optimizers—reveal identical mobility patterns. There are no fundamental gender differences in the inter-regional mobility
of German singles. Second, I focus on dual-earner households and split this group into “traditional” and “egalitarian” couples
using information on their factual division of housework rather than their reported gender ideology. Separate migration analyses
for both groups reveal important differences indicating the significance of gender ideology in families’ migration behavior:
job-related characteristics of men statistically dominate those of women in traditional couples, whereas in egalitarian couples,
male and female characteristics have the same effect on family migration behavior, i.e. there is no gender bias. Failure to
account for the heterogeneity in gendered family roles across families thus misses an important explanatory factor in migration
research.
相似文献
18.
We qualify a social choice correspondence as resolute when its set valued outcomes are interpreted as mutually compatible alternatives which are altogether chosen. We refer to
such sets as “committees” and analyze the manipulability of resolute social choice correspondences which pick fixed size committees.
When the domain of preferences over committees is unrestricted, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem—naturally—applies. We show
that in case we wish to “reasonably” relate preferences over committees to preferences over committee members, there is no
domain restriction which allows escaping Gibbard–Satterthwaite type of impossibilities. We also consider a more general model
where the range of the social choice rule is determined by imposing a lower and an upper bound on the cardinalities of the
committees. The results are again of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite taste, though under more restrictive extension axioms. 相似文献
19.
Lars Skov Henriksen Steven Rathgeb Smith Annette Zimmer 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):458-501
Increasing societal heterogeneity, changing demographics, and increasing public debt and fiscal constraints have recently
challenged traditional “regime” approaches to welfare state development. Some scholars argue, against this background, that
welfare states might plausibly move out of their “regime container” by opting in favor of similar solutions and responses.
This potential trend toward “convergence” might, furthermore, be facilitated by the widespread use of new public management
ideas and techniques for “reinventing government” by adopting market solutions to public problems. This article investigates
whether such trends of convergence can be identified by comparing three different countries each traditionally looked upon
as belonging to different welfare state regimes: Denmark, Germany, and the United States. More specifically the article looks
at one important segment of welfare state activity, namely social services and related health care. To further focus the analysis,
special attention is devoted to the changing role played by the third sector in delivering services. The research design,
thus, differs from most comparative welfare state research. Instead of analyzing a broad set of quantitative indicators in
a large number of countries, it is scrutinized how some of the same problem pressures and policy ideas are being interpreted
and implemented in a small number of countries within one policy area. The analysis reveals that trends of convergence—conceptualized
along four dimensions: ideas, regulation, mix of providers, and revenue mix—can be identified across the three cases, though
this does not mean that the market share of nonprofit providers becomes the same. The study also reveals that fundamental
aspects of state–nonprofit relations persist despite trends of convergence. 相似文献
20.
Biobanks, collecting human specimen, medical records, and lifestyle-related data, face the challenge of having contradictory
missions: on the one hand serving the collective welfare through easy access for medical research, on the other hand adhering
to restrictive privacy expectations of people in order to maintain their willingness to participate in such research. In this
article, ethical frameworks stressing the societal value of low-privacy expectations in order to secure biomedical research
are discussed. It will turn out that neither utilitarian nor communitarian or classical libertarian ethics frameworks will
help to serve both goals. Instead, John Rawls’ differentiation of the “right” and the “good” is presented in order to illustrate
the possibility of “serving two masters”: individual interests of privacy, and societal interests of scientific progress and
intergenerational justice. In order to illustrate this counterbalancing concept with an example, the five-pillar concept of
the German Ethics Council will be briefly discussed. 相似文献