创业团队的心理授权、成员交换与创新绩效的关系研究——任务互依性的调节作用

创业团队的创新绩效,是保证企业生存和发展的关键。基于自我决定理论,探析团队心理授权、团队成员交换、任务互依性与团队创新绩效之间的关系。以浙江省参加大学生“挑战杯”大赛的72个团队为例,采用配套成组方式,进行问卷调查和数据分析。结果发现：团队心理授权正向影响成员交换和团队创新绩效,成员交换中介了两者之间的正向关系,任务互依性正向调节了团队心理授权与团队成员交换之间的关系。研究结果丰富并拓展了理论界关于团队心理授权和团队创新绩效的研究,为企业提升团队创新绩效,提供了新的视角和思路。     

动态环境下共享式领导如何激发团队创造力——基于纵向动态追踪数据的研究

以高新技术企业的研发团队为调研对象,基于纵向动态追踪数据分析,在动态环境下共享式领导如何激发团队创造力,结果表明:在动态环境下,共享式领导对团队创造力具有显著的正向影响,团队活力、团队自省、知识整合在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有中介作用,环境动态性在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有跨层次的正向调节作用,任务互依性、任务复杂性在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有正向调节作用,权力距离在共享式领导和团队创造力之间具有负向调节作用。     

共享领导力对团队工作繁荣的影响

如何聚天下英才而用之,建设持续学习又充满活力的创新团队是国家实施人才强国战略的关键。作为一种聚贤纳才的团队领导模式,共享领导力是焕发团队工作繁荣的潜在力量。已有研究缺乏对团队工作繁荣的关注,更缺乏对共享领导力与团队工作繁荣之间作用机制的探讨。因此,亟须聚焦于团队工作繁荣,考察共享领导力对团队工作繁荣的作用路径和边界影响机制。基于工作繁荣的社会嵌入模型,从团队认知和团队情感的双重路径出发,探讨共享领导力如何以及何时促进团队工作繁荣。具体而言,探讨团队交互记忆系统(认知路径)和团队积极情绪氛围(情感路径)在共享领导力与团队工作繁荣之间的中介作用,以及团队反思在上述关系中发挥的有调节的中介作用。通过3个阶段的问卷调查,收集来自不同行业的81个知识团队524个样本数据;利用Spss 26.0和Mplus 7.4进行实证分析,采用多水平结构方程模型、蒙特卡洛模拟法、简单斜率分析进行中介效应检验和有调节的中介效应检验。研究结果表明,团队交互记忆系统和团队积极情绪氛围在共享领导力与团队工作繁荣之间起正向中介作用。团队反思显著调节共享领导力通过团队交互记忆系统和团队积极情绪氛围影响团队工作繁荣的间接效...     

团队社会资本与知识转移关系的实证研究:交互记忆系统的中介作用

团队社会资本被认为是促进团队知识转移的关键因素,但已有研究对社会资本如何影响团队知识转移的作用机理还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。本文引入交互记忆系统作为中介变量,对社会资本是否通过交互记忆系统对团队知识转移产生影响进行实证研究。基于对23家软件外包承接企业的93个项目团队的问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型方法发现,交互记忆系统在社会资本与团队知识转移的关系中发挥显著的完全中介作用,团队通过社会资本促进交互记忆系统的形成,是提高知识转移绩效的有效途径。     

软件外包项目复杂性下的交互记忆系统与知识转移

针对软件外包项目团队中如何有效知识转移问题,构建交互记忆系统、项目复杂性和知识转移绩效之间关系的概念模型,基于25家软件外包承接企业中107个软件外包团队的问卷调查数据,运用偏最小二乘法对数据进行分析。研究结果表明,专长度和可信度对团队知识转移绩效和协调度有显著的正向影响,软件外包项目结构复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的正向调节作用,软件外包项目动态复杂性对专长度与知识转移绩效的关系有显著的负向调节作用。研究结果揭示了项目复杂性条件下交互记忆系统与知识转移绩效之间的作用机理,推进了软件外包知识转移理论发展,并为软件外包团队有效地进行知识转移提供管理启示。     

基于交互记忆系统的团队发展状况分析方法

通过对团队发展状况进行分析,可以了解团队的发展状态,评价团队的发展过程,为团队建设提供必要的决策依据.本文从知识视角,依照交互记忆系统理论,指出交互记忆系统可以作为团队知识的表示模型之一,并提出了基于交互记忆系统对团队发展状况进行分析的方法.首先,对成员的知识构成进行分析,针对成员的交互记忆中差异知识,提出了成员的交互记忆-差异知识模型(TM_DKM);其次,通过整合所有成员的差异知识得到交互记忆系统,提出了用交互记忆系统表征团队知识的交互记忆系统模型(TMSM);再次,在TM_DKM和TMSM基础上提出了团队发展状况分析方法;最后,结合一个实例对上述模型和方法进行了验证,并对实例中该团队的发展状况进行了评述.本文提出的方法可用于创新团队的状态评价和发展过程评价以及问题诊断等,比如教育部创新团队、国家创新群体以及更广泛的团队分析之中.     

学习型组织中的虚拟团队知识共享模型研究

传统的知识共享理论不能直接应用到虚拟团队知识共享研究之中,为克服虚拟团队知识共享存在的障碍,对交互记忆系统运作的核心--元记忆目录进行了扩展,加入元知识和社会网络2个维度,以帮助虚拟团队解决统一知识表述、规范专长认知、知识资源描述和展现内部实际沟通网络等问题.以扩展性元记忆目录为核心,建立了基于交互记忆理论的虚拟团队知识共享模型,并对知识共享模型各因素的相互关系进行了分析,提出了未来研究的结构方程模型.     

团队内知识分享行为影响因素的结构性研究

文章以我国高新技术企业为例,对团队内成员问的知识分享行为及其影响因素进行实证研究.研究发现,团队成员问的共享心智模式能够引导成员在所需的情境中与其它成员进行互动,因此对知识分享行为具有显著的正向影响效果,而这种影响效果,会受到成员性格特征的调节影响.对于敬业性的参与者而言,当知识传递者与知识接收者同时具有高敬业性格时,研究共享心智模式对于知识分享的影响效果;对于外向性的参与者而言,当知识传递者具有高外向性格,而知识接收者具有低外向性格时,共享心智模式对于知识分享反而具有显著的影响效果.所以,在团队运作过程中,团队领导者若能通过详细的任务说明以及增进成员的互动等方式,让不同性格的团队成员具有相匹配的心智模式,将有助于团队知识分享行为的产生.     

知识异质性对团队创新的作用机制分析

基于信息过程视角和人际关系视角研究知识异质性对团队创新的作用机制,通过整合团队认同的调节效应与知识共享的中介效应,构建了有中介的调节效应模型。以85个知识密集型团队为样本的实证分析结果表明:团队认同调节知识异质性与团队创新的关系,团队认同调节知识异质性与知识共享的关系,团队认同对知识异质性与团队创新关系的调节效应被知识共享完全中介。     

基于团队认同对学习空间调节作用的成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响研究

以知识面和紧密度为中介变量,以团队认同为调节变量,实证考察了成员异质性对团队创新绩效的影响。研究发现,成员异质性对团队创新绩效影响的直接效应不显著,主要通过知识面和紧密度2个中介变量起作用;成员异质性增加了团队的知识面,降低了团队的紧密度,而知识面与团队创新绩效正相关,紧密度正向调节了知识面与团队绩效的正相关关系;团队认同正向调节了成员异质性与团队知识面的正相关关系,负向调节了成员异质性与团队紧密度的负相关关系。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.