带有转移成本寡头垄断的二次定价及仿真

自主创新能力是企业成功的一个关键要素。以中国沪深两市2007年至2009年261家高科技行业上市公司为研究对象,运用分层多元回归技术,尝试在中国情境下基于高阶梯队和群体断裂带理论的双重视角,实证考察董事会认知异质性总量和结构对企业创新战略的影响。研究结果表明,董事会成员职能背景异质性、教育程度和董事会群体断裂带强度对企业创新战略具有积极的影响,董事会成员行业背景异质性对创新战略没有显著影响。该结果为在实践中优化董事会构成提供了新的决策依据。     

"市场-政策"双重导向对农业企业绩效的影响机制研究——以泛长三角地区农业龙头企业为例

经济转型时期,市场机制与政策机制呈现出共存性与互补性特征.本文以泛长三角地区农业龙头企业为样本,通过构建以动态能力为中介变量的理论模型,实证检验了市场导向、政策导向与农业企业绩效的关系.结果显示,(1)市场导向与企业绩效有显著正相关关系,这种关系可以是直接的也可以是间接的,政策导向与企业绩效有显著的直接正相关关系;(2)动态能力在市场导向与企业绩效关系之间起着部分中介作用,但在政策导向与企业绩效之间的中介作用不显著;(3)市场导向与政策导向对农业企业绩效的影响具有结构差异性,市场导向程度高的企业长期绩效较好,政策导向程度高的企业短期绩效较好,具备双重导向的企业长短期绩效均较好.     

奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响研究

奢侈品具有的象征价值和符号价值使奢侈品牌消费中社会因素的影响尤其显著。以427位路易威登消费者为样本,实证分析奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响、奢侈品牌购买价值与消费者忠诚的关系。研究表明,参照群体的3类影响(推荐意愿、品牌知识和重购意愿)对消费者忠诚均有显著正向影响,信息性影响和价值表达性影响对奢侈品牌社会导向和个人导向购买价值有正向影响,但功利性影响只对社会导向购买价值有正向影响。中介效应检验结果表明,奢侈品牌购买价值对参照群体影响与消费者忠诚存在部分或完全中介过程。该结论对于奢侈品行业具有重要的管理意义,验证了在奢侈品牌消费中参照群体影响是消费者奢侈品牌忠诚的关键影响因素,揭示了消费者感知的奢侈品牌购买价值对重购和口碑营销具有重要意义。     

联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取——控制机制使用的中介与干预作用

探讨了联盟企业的控制机制使用对于其战略导向与知识获取间关系的中介与干预作用.目的在于揭示不同控制机制使用对于联盟企业的战略导向与知识获取间关系的影响效果及作用机制.通过对389家联盟企业的实证研究发现,信任控制是市场导向与知识获取的中介变量,也是企业家导向与知识获取的正干预变量;契约控制是企业家导向与知识获取的中介变量,却不是市场导向与知识获取的负干预变量.该项研究结论对于发展战略联盟管理文献、促进联盟企业的知识获取具有重要的理论价值与实践指导意义.     

终极控制股东两权偏离、替代效应与公司价值

基于2004～2006年中国上市公司截面数据,在实证检验不同治理机制间替代效应的基础上,系统分析了终极控制、公司治理与企业价值间的互动关系,验证了公司治理的中介效应。结果显示:1.董事会治理与其它治理机制间存在显著的替代效应。第一大股东持股比例的增加会强化董事会治理与股权制衡度、监事会治理之间的替代效应,而会弱化董事会治理与管理层激励、信息披露之间的替代效应;2.终极控制股东两权偏离对公司价值具有显著的负面效应;3.公司治理对公司价值具有显著的正向效应,其在终极控制对公司价值的作用机制中具有显著的中介效应,中介效应占总效应的比例超过50%。基于实证分析结果,最后为优化中国终极控制型公司治理提出了相应的政策建议。     

不确定环境下高管团队断裂带对创新效率影响——基于高科技制造企业的追踪研究

文章针对不确定环境下高管团队断裂带如何影响创新效率这一关键问题进行追踪研究,以团队断裂带相关理论为基础,区分社会属性断裂带与信息相关断裂带,构建高管团队断裂带对创新投入和创新效率作用机制理论模型。本文基于制造类高新技术企业2011-2017年间高管团队、创新投入及效率等相关数据,对高管团队断裂带、创新投入及创新效率之间影响关系进行实证检验。研究结果表明：(1)社会属性断裂带负向影响创新投入和创新效率;(2)信息断裂带对创新投入和创新效率具有正向作用;(3)创新投入密度在社会属性断裂带与企业创新效率的关系中起中介作用,创新投入强度在信息相关断裂带与企业创新效率的关系中起中介作用;(4)环境不确定性在社会属性断裂带与创新效率的关系中起负向调节作用,在信息断裂带与创新效率关系中起正向调节作用。研究区分了信息断裂带与社会属性断裂带在环境不确定下对创新效率的影响,并将创新投入区分为投入额度、投入密度与投入强度,分别就其中介效应进行细分研究,据此提出更有针对性的建议与对策。     

领导行为与人际关系对酒店企业群体内聚力的影响及其后果

以组织行为和管理理论中关于群体内聚力的讨论为基础,实证探讨了中国酒店企业中,领导行为与员工之间的人际关系对群体内聚力的影响,以及群体内聚力与员工工作满意感之间的关系.研究结果表明:人际关系、任务导向型领导行为和体恤支持型领导行为会正向影响群体内聚力,但创新适应型领导行为对群体内聚力的影响不显著;群体内聚力对员工工作满意感有显著正向影响;群体内聚力对于人际关系和员工工作满意感之间的关系,以及任务导向型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系有完全的中介作用,对于体恤支持型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系有部分的中介作用,但对于创新适应型领导行为和员工工作满意感之间的关系却无中介作用.最后,讨论了研究结果的应用.     

高管团队断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系的调节作用

当前,团队断裂带理论已成为学术界研究团队多样性构成和效能的一个重要基础。相关研究成果表明,高管团队多样化程度越高,团队断裂问题越容易出现。实证结果显示:变革型领导对提升企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;同时,社会分类断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系具有显著的负向调节作用,而信息认知断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系具有显著的正向调节作用。因此,企业要注重实施变革型领导,在组建和优化高管团队时,要努力降低高管团队社会分类断裂带水平,努力提升高管团队信息认知断裂带水平,这有利于更加显著地发挥变革型领导对提升企业绩效的积极作用。     

团队断裂带对团队创新绩效的影响——双元领导的调节作用和创造性综合的中介作用

团队断裂带影响团队创新绩效的关系机理有待进一步厘清.基于“I-P-O”的理论逻辑,引入双元领导和创造性综合两个变量,建构了团队断裂带影响团队创新绩效的理论模型.以171个工作团队为样本,收集团队领导和成员的配对数据进行实证研究.结果表明：创造性综合在社会分类断裂带与团队创新绩效之间起部分中介作用,在信息认知断裂带与团队创新绩效之间起完全中介作用;双元领导能够弱化社会分类断裂带对团队创新绩效和创造性综合的负向影响,强化信息认知断裂带对团队创新绩效和创造性综合的正向影响.研究深化了团队断裂带与团队创新绩效关系机理的认识,为企业异质性团队管理提供了有益的启示.     

团队薪酬对团队绩效的作用机制研究

以10家企业的139个团队为样本,探讨了团队薪酬分配导向对团队绩效的影响、团队互动对二者关系的中介作用,以及团队的外向性和宜人性人格组成的调节效应。研究结果表明,团队薪酬按贡献分配导向与团队绩效正相关;团队任务互动和人际互动对二者的关系具有部分中介效应;团队的外向性和宜人性人格对团队薪酬按贡献分配导向与团队人际互动的正向关系具有反向调节作用。最后,在研究结论的基础上,指出了企业团队管理实践的指导意义以及该领域未来的研究方向。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.