西部民族地区城镇化进程、经济发展与农民增收关系的实证研究——以贵州、四川、云南三省区为例

本文以西部民族地区的实际数据,通过协整检验、误差修正模型和因果关系检验构建了模型,对西部民族地区经济发展、城镇化与农民增收的关系进行实证研究,结合西部民族地区经济发展、城镇化与农民收入的实际情况进行分析,认为西部民族地区城镇化和经济发展是农民增收的重要途径,相比而言,经济发展政策短期效应较好,而城镇化政策长期效应更为显著。最后,就如何推进西部民族地区经济发展和城镇化使农民收入增长提出政策性建议。     

民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响

文化是经济增长的重要源泉。借助1997-2016年我国少数民族地区相关数据,本文实证分析了民族文化资本对民族地区经济增长的非线性影响。结果显示,民族地区文化资本对经济增长不仅具有显著的促进作用,而且呈现非线性影响;文化资本对民族地区经济增长的影响受到经济发展水平、人均文化事业费以及人均受教育年限的影响;人均地区生产总值、人均文化事业经费越高,人均受教育年限越高,则文化资本对经济增长的贡献度越大;此外,物质资本依然是推动民族地区经济发展的关键所在,提高第二产业比重和增加公路运营里程均能显著促进民族地区经济增长。基于此,本文提出应加强对民族文化的保护、传承和开发,加大教育投入,提高民族地区人均受教育年限等的投资。     

民族地区利用外资的优势与走势

民族地区的经济开发需要巨额的资金投入。据预测,西部基础设施投资在未来的十年需要3.8万亿元人民币,固定资产投资9.6万亿元人民币。面对西部民族地区巨大的资金需求与西部民族地区自身及国家财政资金供给能力的差距,必须走多渠道吸收各种资金,进行联合开发的路子。其中,加快扩大对外开放步伐,大规模吸收和利用国外资金参与西部民族地区的投资与开发,改变西部开发中资金不足的局面,是促进西部民族地区社会经济快速发展的重要举措。     

民族地区劳动者素质实证分析

本文通过对改革开放后民族地区劳动者素质现状以及医疗与教育投资状况进行实证分析,从而得出:民族地区劳动者的身体素质显著提高,但文化素质远低于发达地区,且民族地区医疗与教育投资严重不足。针对这些问题笔者提出了一些措施和建议,旨在促进民族地区的可持续发展。     

西部民族地区旅游专业化对经济是祝福还是诅咒?

西部民族地区自然、民俗旅游资源丰富,为提升旅游专业化程度打下了坚实基础.本文对旅游专业化对经济增长的收入效应与旅游专业化提高对经济要素的资源转移效应均衡性进行分析,论证得出旅游专业化程度与西部民族地区经济增长为倒U型曲线关系,即在旅游专业化程度小于拐点值0.41时,表现为祝福效应,当大于0.41时表现为诅咒效应.     

西部大开发以来民族地区的经济发展：基于“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”的分析

铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代民族工作的主线。加快少数民族和民族地区的经济发展,努力缩小各民族之间的经济社会发展差距,实现共同发展、共同富裕,是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的必然要求。文章基于“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”视角,分析了西部大开发以来,民族地区的经济发展,主要聚焦于缩小差距和基本公共服务供给。文章认为,取得了一系列历史性成就,为“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”奠定了较为坚实的经济基础。文章认为,铸牢中华民族共同体意识,核心是增强“五个认同”;加快少数民族和民族地区发展与铸牢中华民族共同体意识之间是相互联系和相互促进和共赢的;西部大开发二十年来,民族地区经济总体上实现了高速、持续和包容的增长,虽然绝对差距还在扩大,但相对差距在缩小,基本公共服务供给的覆盖面大,供给质量在有效提高,劳动者就业能力显著提升,这些都为“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”打下了坚实的物质基础。文章认为坚持党对民族工作的全面领导是加快民族地区经济发展,铸牢中华民族共同体意识的根本保证。     

文旅产业融合对民族地区经济增长的影响研究——基于2000—2019年数据的计量分析

基于2000—2019年我国民族地区数据,探究了民族地区文旅产业的融合现状,并实证分析了文旅产业融合对民族地区经济增长的影响作用。研究结果表明：一是文旅产业融合能够正向促进民族地区经济增长,且其影响具有非线性特征,存在促进经济增长的最优化文旅产业融合水平。二是民族地区现阶段文旅产业的融合水平较低,整体处在中度失调阶段;2000—2019年间呈现缓慢上升态势,文旅产业融合水平存在民族地区<全国均值<非民族地区的阶梯性差异特点,民族地区的文旅产业融合尚有较大开发空间。三是相较于全国范围和非民族地区,文旅产业融合对民族地区经济增长具有更高的促进作用,文旅产业融合对经济增长的促进作用存在民族地区>全国>非民族地区的特点。文旅产业融合对民族地区经济增长的高促进作用与民族地区低文旅产业融合水平的矛盾表明继续强化民族地区文旅产业的融合能够显著推动民族地区的经济增长。此外,增加公路里程也能显著推动民族地区的经济发展。     

西部民族地区承接产业转移能力的分析

本文对西部民族地区承接产业转移的能力进行了SWOT分析,并对产业转移承接能力进行综合评价,从而对西部民族地区承接产业转移的能力进行科学判断。实证分析表明,我国西部民族地区的产业承接能力严重落后于其他地区,但是,这并不意味着西部民族地区没有承接产业转移能力的优势。西部民族地区可以利用自身的资源优势和相对比较特别的地缘优势,来发展特色产业,实现西部民族地区经济跨越式发展。     

西部民族地区人力资本投资的制度绩效——来自新疆、甘肃、宁夏的问卷调查分析

人力资本是知识经济的支柱和龙头资本,人力资本的发展和积累是中国的“科教兴国”战略、“可持续发展”战略和“西部大开发”战略得以实施的关键和突破口,但人力资本作用的发挥受制度的约束。本文以人力资本及其制度的契合为切入点,对中国西部少数民族地区人力资本投资的制度绩效从诸多方面进行了实证调查分析。     

西部民族地区资源开发利益分配政策研究

在西部民族地区资源开发及利益分配的过程中,国家从法律、制度、区域等层面构建了中央扶持民族地区发展的政策体系框架,明确了民族地区资源开发利益分配的基本原则和受益渠道,这对规范民族地区资源开发中的利益分配关系,推动民族地区经济社会发展起到了重要作用.但现行的民族区域自治制度安排在实践中并没有得到很好的落实,完整的民族自治地区扶持政策体系还未形成,西部民族地区的资源优势并没有转化为经济优势.为此,需要加强资源补偿、资源地居民就业等方面的配套立法,法定民族地区自然资源优先受惠权,强化西部民族地区的资源配置权,建立规范有序的财政转移支付制度,以实现西部民族地区资源优势转换和经济社会的快速发展.     

共同富裕目标下四川民族地区农村居民的收入结构差异与持续增收

脱贫攻坚助力民族地区实现了全面小康,也为促进共同富裕打下了坚实基础。但民族地区依然是缩小城乡和区域发展差距的重点和难点地区,特别是推动民族地区农村居民实现可持续增收更是实现共同富裕的重中之重和难中之难。本文基于收入总量、结构比例、区域差异等多维度比较,以四川省具有代表性的三个民族自治州为例,总结分析了民族地区农村居民收入及其四项构成的差异特征,分类探讨了增收的来源,以及面临的经营净收入相对过大、工资性收入增速下降、财产净收入和转移净收入规模小等增收的不可持续性风险。基于此提出要巩固拓宽工资性收入和经营净收入的创造性财富规模,探索增大财产净收入和转移净收入的分配性财富收入,促进民族地区农村居民可持续增收,最终实现共同富裕。     

伦理传承与法治推进：共同体理念下民族地区和谐劳动关系的双重保障

民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展是中华民族共同体建设的重要内容,二者在经济、文化和社会等方面密切相关。民族地区的市场性、区域性与传承性,使得其劳动关系的和谐发展需要经济伦理和法治机制双重保障。经济伦理是经济活动传承性的写照,从内部支持和保障民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展,法治则是其外部保障。在中华民族共同体理念下,唯有重视伦理传承与法治推进双重保障的互补与统一,才能有效构建民族地区和谐劳动关系。     

政府管理体制改革视角下民族地区经济发展方式转变

我国民族地区的经济发展方式大多属粗放型,其转变的关键在政府管理体制改革。从民族地区政府管理面临的现实困境看,既面临特殊的社会历史自然环境,又要完成中央政府的经济增长考核目标和其他重点任务,还要应付民族地区复杂的群体性事件等。推动民族地区经济发展方式的转型,必须加快中央和民族地区政府职能的转变,正确处理政府与市场关系,完善对民族地区政府的绩效考核,创新民族地区政府管理体制,积极推动民族自治地区政府管理体制的改革步伐。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

西部民族地区流通业发展现状及发展策略分析

流通是商品从生产领域到消费领域的转移过程,流通业是国民经济的基础产业。流通业的发展能给西部民族地区带来契约文化的普及,提高人口就业率,加强对外经济的交流,从而拉动经济发展和促进社会稳定。西部民族地区流通产业发展滞后,对此,政府应给予流通业优惠政策,加强流通业投资软硬件环境的建设,多形式发展流通业,大力培养流通业技术人才和管理人才,并推出具有少数民族特色的经贸活动。     

民族地区城镇劳动力市场中的性别就业与工资差异——以宁夏回族自治区为例

本文以中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所委托国家统计局宁夏调查总队2007年所做的宁夏回族自治区经济社会调查数据为基础,针对宁夏城镇劳动力市场中的汉族和回族劳动人口,证实了汉族男性和汉族女性、回族男性和回族女性间在就业和工资收入上存在差异,并就汉族和回族的性别差异进行了比较。同时,利用一些计量分析方法解释了形成差异的原因。得到的主要结论有:宁夏回族自治区回族内部的性别收入差异明显大于汉族内部的性别收入差异。计算结果说明宁夏劳动力市场中对女性存在性别歧视;汉族女性的收入歧视指数大于回族女性的收入歧视指数。年龄、受教育程度、所在城市就业率、行业、所在部门、职业种类等对汉族和回族,以及汉族和回族的不同性别的就业和收入差异产生显著影响。     

民族地区FDI、对外贸易与经济增长的相关性研究——基于广西1990-2013的实证分析

International trade and investment have been two major topics in the field of interna-tional economics. They are also two main ways to deepen foreign economic ties. With the rapid de-velopment of the China—ASEAN free trade area and the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, international trade and investment have had an important influ-ence on the ethnic areas of Guangxi. Guangxi is a frontier and coastal minority area, and as well as an important window opening on to the ASEAN e-conomic sphere and economic hinterland. It has great power and vitality for economic development within the ASEAN economic sphere. However, Guangxi, if compared with domestic developed are-as, is a relatively backward region within China’s economy. Its level for utilizing FDI( Foreign Direct Investment) lags behind, and its foreign trade vol-ume has definitely lagged far behind that in the more developed coastal provinces. This has severe-ly restricted the economic and social transformation of the Guangxi, and is an important obstacle for re-alizing a “well -off” society in ethnic areas. In recent years, resulting in the increasing external dependency in ethnic areas, the development of foreign investment has kept steady. This has played an important role in promoting technological progress and adjusting the industrial structure in ethnic areas. At the same time, foreign investment has also increased the speed of the ethnic minority areas’ ability to absorb advanced technology and management experience. This, in turn, has had great significance for further exploring international markets. However, the various regions in China have differences in their utilization of FDI and for-eign trade, so, effective an evaluation for exploring foreign trade and FDI has had a specific effect on the economic growth in ethnic areas, which can provide certain reference points for ethnic minority areas to formulate economic policy. Based on the relevant data of exports, imports and economic growth collected between 1990 and 2013 for Guan-gxi, and using statistical analysis and the econo-metric regression method, this article studies the relationship between FDI, foreign trade and eco-nomic growth in ethnic minority areas of Guangxi.     

西部开发、劳动力流动与少数民族教育

为了推动西部大发展 ,我国政府开始实施西部大开发战略 ,各种体制改革不断深化 ,地区劳动力流动更为频繁。处在这一背景下的西部各民族特别是少数民族面临着严峻的就业挑战。本文分析了西部劳动力的结构、就业特点 ,希望能通过具体的教育措施提高少数民族劳动力的竞争能力 ,为保持西部地区繁荣、稳定做出贡献。     

西部六城市流动人口调查综合报告

自中央实施"西部大开发"发展战略以来,在西部省区基础设施和许多行业的大量投资吸引了大量来自东部和邻近农村的流动人员。我国西部是少数族群聚居区,在发展过程中各民族之间存在相互协作的广阔空间,也存在发展机会和利益分配方面的相互竞争关系。为了调查和分析近年来西部的人口流动及其对当地族群关系的影响,我们在西部六个重要城市开展了流动人口的问卷调查。本文以这次问卷调查的数据为基础,系统地分析了西部大城市中流动人口的基本特征、就业状况、收入与消费情况以及他们与当地居民之间的交往。这些量化分析的研究成果,将便于我们进一步深入分析"西部大开发"过程中人口流动对当地经济建设、社会生活和族际交往所带来的影响。