考虑期货的电力市场竞价风险分析

文章将GARCH-EVT-Copula组合模型应用于电力市场,以EVT刻画收益率的尾部分布,采用GARCH模型来度量电价资产收益率的波动性和异方差性,Copula函数反映电价现货市场与期货市场相关性,并以每天同点时刻数据建模,对现货与期货交易并存的北欧电力市场发电商竞价动态风险进行了实证分析。并应用Kupiec失败频率检验方法对竞价风险模型进行评估,分析表明:t-Copula连接函数能体现资产相关性,能更准确度量考虑期货的发电商动态竞价风险。     

基于EVT和Copula的保险业经济资本的估算

文章用t-Copula函数刻画保险业务之间复杂的非线性相关性和风险的厚尾特点,考虑到保险业务小概率高风险的特点,对单个业务的边际分布用极值理论EVT的广义Pareto分布进行模拟;通过算例,比较了用在险价值VaR和期望损失ES两种方法估算的保险业务风险的差异,并得出基于EVT和Copula函数得出的整合风险的经济资本额更能刻画保险业务的实际风险的结论.     

相关性分析中Copula函数的选择

Copula函数在金融分析和风险管理中有广泛的应用,利用Copula函数可以构建组合风险资产的联合收益分布和资产之间的相关性.在构建Copula模型时,一个关键的问题就是如何选择最佳的Copula来拟合实际的金融数据.文章分析了Copula函数选择困难的原因,指出了现有的似然准则选择方法的不足,提出了基于参数Bootstrap技术的对数似然准则检验方法,考虑了更大范围的Copula函数族群,利用模拟实验检验了该方法的选择能力,模拟结果表明对于没有尾部相关性的Copula函数和具有较小的尾部相关性的Copula函数可以较好地进行区分,而且也能区分大部分的具有较大尾部相关系数的Copula函数.同现有的只能区分常见的几类Copula的似然准则选择方法相比,文章提出的方法可以在更大范围内识别不同的Copula函数.     

资产相关结构对投资组台风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础.用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES.结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险.     

资产相关结构对投资组合风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础,用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES。结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险。     

相依结构、动态系统性风险测度与后验分析

本文利用Copula相依结构理论扩展和求解了现有的系统性风险测度CoVaR,以得到适用于不同类型常参数和时变参数Copula函数及不同分布假设的动态系统性风险测度。为了验证和评估模型设定的准确性与应用价值,我们构建了适用于该动态系统性风险测度CoVaR的严谨后验分析工具。除“无条件覆盖性”、“独立性”和“条件覆盖性”外,我们首次提出了“混合独立性”检验。基于中国14家上市商业银行的实证分析表明：中国上市商业银行与中国银行业之间的相依结构呈现多样化特征;无论是样本内还是样本外预测区间,我们的动态Copula-CoVaR模型能够有效地捕捉典型系统性风险事件;严谨的后验分析不仅需要检验系统性风险测度CoVaR,也需要检验条件事件的临界值VaR。     

Copula函数的非参数核密度估计

Copula函数包含了变量的边际分布和变量间的相关结构两方面的信息.用Copula函数可以很灵活地构造相关结构和边际分布不同的联合分布函数.Archimedean Copula函数在金融市场分析中很有用.在用Copula理论建模的过程中有一个很重要的环节是参数估计.文章采用对边际分布不作具体假设的非参数核密度方法来估计Archimedean Copula的参数,并用实证说明方法的有效性.     

基于Copula-GARCH模型的新兴产业与上证指数相依性研究

文章利用Copula-GARCH模型对2005年1月1日至2014年4月30日上证交易所新兴产业指数和上证综合指数进行建模,然后运用ARMA(1,1)-GARCH(1,1)-t模型,将边缘分布概率积分变化后的2个服从均匀分布的序列作为Copula模型的边缘分布,得到了较好的拟合效果.通过建立正态Normal Copula函数、t-Copula函数、Gumbel Copula函数、Clayton Copula函数和Frank Copula函数的5个二元Copula模型,并采用AIC法、BIC法、切比雪夫距离和欧式距离4种检验拟合优度的方法选择最优的t-Copula模型.同时利用GPD法对2个指数做了尾部相关性分析,发现下尾比上尾具有更好的相依性,说明极端情形(如金融危机)下两指数的涨跌幅度较大.     

Copula方法在投资组合选择与VaR计量中的应用

基于多元正态分布的投资组合理论认为,投资者可以通过投资于低相关性的不同资产来获得收益,资产间的相关性(dependence)可以通过线性相关性来度量.然而现实金融市场中经常会发生这种情况,即不同的金融市场之间具有完全不同的线性相关性,但却发生几乎相同数量的极端损失事件.为了克服线性相关性的上述弊端,我们将通过连接(Copula)函数建模来克服这个问题.由Copula函数导出的一致性和相关性测度就可以更广泛、更有效地捕获各种金融资产的相关信息.另外,采用时变的Copula函数还可以捕捉到变量间动态的、非对称的相关关系,而采用极值Copula函数则可以捕捉到分布尾部的相关关系.由Copula函数导出的相关性度量在随机变量发生单调变换(可以是非线性变换)的情况下是不变的.一种常用的、可以通过Copula函数导出的相关性度量是Kendall的τ(tau),它具备一个好的相关性指标所应具有的所有性质(Nelsen 1998),可以克服线性相关性的上述不足.     

基于Copula-EVT模型的巨灾再保险定价

基于巨灾损失具有厚尾分布的特征,采用POT极值模型分别估计两个保险标的的边缘分布,并用二元Copula函数刻画这两个标的的关联性,同时应用Monte Carlo模拟方法估算巨灾再保险的纯保费。通过对洪水损失数据的实证分析表明:Clayton Copula函数能较好地反映两标的间的相关结构;起赔点的设定是影响纯保费的重要因素,且起赔点按条件分位点取值更优更合理。研究结果对保险人开发多元保险标的的巨灾再保险具有重要的参考价值。     

Developing a Wide Easy-to-Generate Class of Bivariate Copulas

As of late, copulas have drawn great attention in stochastic simulation, financial engineering, and risk management. Their power lies under their ability of modeling dependent random variables. Using a known theorem in probability which proves that the fractional part of the sum of a uniform and an arbitrary independent continuous random variable follows a uniform distribution, we construct a wide class of bivariate copulas in which bivariate random vector generation can be performed easily. Some important members of this new class and their properties together with two invariant correlation measures and some insights in their application are presented.     

Tail-weighted measures of dependence

Multivariate copula models are commonly used in place of Gaussian dependence models when plots of the data suggest tail dependence and tail asymmetry. In these cases, it is useful to have simple statistics to summarize the strength of dependence in different joint tails. Measures of monotone association such as Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho are insufficient to distinguish commonly used parametric bivariate families with different tail properties. We propose lower and upper tail-weighted bivariate measures of dependence as additional scalar measures to distinguish bivariate copulas with roughly the same overall monotone dependence. These measures allow the efficient estimation of strength of dependence in the joint tails and can be used as a guide for selection of bivariate linking copulas in vine and factor models as well as for assessing the adequacy of fit of multivariate copula models. We apply the tail-weighted measures of dependence to a financial data set and show that the measures better discriminate models with different tail properties compared to commonly used risk measures – the portfolio value-at-risk and conditional tail expectation.     

信用评分模型中拒绝推断问题研究：基于半监督协同训练法的改进

随着我国金融市场的蓬勃发展,信用评价中的拒绝推断问题越来越受到重视。针对信用评分模型中存在的有类别标签的样本占比低,并且样本中的类别分布不平衡等问题,本文在半监督学习技术与集成学习理论的基础上,提出了一种新的算法——BCT算法。该算法通过使用动态Bagging生成多个子分类器,引入分类阈值参数来解决样本类别分布不平衡问题,以及设定早停止条件来避免算法迭代过程中存在的过拟合风险,以此对传统半监督协同训练法进行改进。通过在5个真实数据集上的实证分析发现,在不同数据集与不同拒绝比例下,BCT算法的性能均优于其他6种有监督学习和半监督学习算法的信用评分模型,显示了BCT算法具有良好的模型泛化性能和更高的模型评价能力。     

Single-Index-Based CoVaR With Very High-Dimensional Covariates

Systemic risk analysis reveals the interdependencies of risk factors especially in tail event situations. In applications the focus of interest is on capturing joint tail behavior rather than a variation around the mean. Quantile and expectile regression are used here as tools of data analysis. When it comes to characterizing tail event curves one faces a dimensionality problem, which is important for CoVaR (Conditional Value at Risk) determination. A projection-based single-index model specification may come to the rescue but for ultrahigh-dimensional regressors one faces yet another dimensionality problem and needs to balance precision versus dimension. Such a balance is achieved by combining semiparametric ideas with variable selection techniques. In particular, we propose a projection-based single-index model specification for very high-dimensional regressors. This model is used for practical CoVaR estimates with a systemically chosen indicator. In simulations we demonstrate the practical side of the semiparametric CoVaR method. The application to the U.S. financial sector shows good backtesting results and indicate market coagulation before the crisis period. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Using copulas for rating weather index insurance contracts

This study develops a methodology for a copula-based weather index insurance design. Because the copula approach is better suited for modeling tail dependence than the standard linear correlation approach, its use may increase the effectiveness of weather insurance contracts designed to provide protection against extreme weather events. In our study, we employ three selected Archimedean copulas to capture the left-tail dependence in the joint distribution of the farm yield and a specific weather index. A hierarchical Bayesian model is applied to obtain consistent estimates of tail dependence using relatively short time series. Our empirical results for 47 large grain-producing farms from Kazakhstan indicate that, given the choice of an appropriate weather index to signal catastrophic events, such as a severe drought, copula-based weather insurance contracts may provide significantly higher risk reductions than regression-based indemnification schemes.     

Conditional Extremes in Asymmetric Financial Markets

ABSTRACT

The global financial crisis of 2007–2009 revealed the great extent to which systemic risk can jeopardize the stability of the entire financial system. An effective methodology to quantify systemic risk is at the heart of the process of identifying the so-called systemically important financial institutions for regulatory purposes as well as to investigate key drivers of systemic contagion. The article proposes a method for dynamic forecasting of CoVaR, a popular measure of systemic risk. As a first step, we develop a semi-parametric framework using asymptotic results in the spirit of extreme value theory (EVT) to model the conditional probability distribution of a bivariate random vector given that one of the components takes on a large value, taking into account important features of financial data such as asymmetry and heavy tails. In the second step, we embed the proposed EVT method into a dynamic framework via a bivariate GARCH process. An empirical analysis is conducted to demonstrate and compare the performance of the proposed methodology relative to a very flexible fully parametric alternative.     

Model-based clustering of Gaussian copulas for mixed data

Clustering of mixed data is important yet challenging due to a shortage of conventional distributions for such data. In this article, we propose a mixture model of Gaussian copulas for clustering mixed data. Indeed copulas, and Gaussian copulas in particular, are powerful tools for easily modeling the distribution of multivariate variables. This model clusters data sets with continuous, integer, and ordinal variables (all having a cumulative distribution function) by considering the intra-component dependencies in a similar way to the Gaussian mixture. Indeed, each component of the Gaussian copula mixture produces a correlation coefficient for each pair of variables and its univariate margins follow standard distributions (Gaussian, Poisson, and ordered multinomial) depending on the nature of the variable (continuous, integer, or ordinal). As an interesting by-product, this model generalizes many well-known approaches and provides tools for visualization based on its parameters. The Bayesian inference is achieved with a Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler. The numerical experiments, on simulated and real data, illustrate the benefits of the proposed model: flexible and meaningful parameterization combined with visualization features.     

基于藤Copula分组模型的金融市场风险度量研究

传统未分组的藤Copula模型可用于刻画金融资产间的相依性,但其存在将所有不同行业资产视为一个整体的问题。本文在充分考虑金融市场中各机构所属行业不同的基础上,提出了藤Copula分组模型,给出了该模型算法的具体步骤,并证明了算法的收敛性。最后通过返回检验方法,对比研究了藤Copula分组模型和未分组的藤Copula模型对银行业、证券业和保险业间VAR估计的精度差异,结果表明藤Copula分组模型的预测效果更准确且更有效。     

金融机构尾部风险溢出效应———基于改进非对称CoVaR模型的研究

为准确度量我国金融机构对金融系统的尾部风险溢出,本文改进了基于CoVaR 方法的分位数回归模型。基于极值理论和ARMA-GARCH模型拟合收益率边缘分布,构建了改进的非对称CoVaR模型,从系统性金融风险贡献绝对值(△CoVaR)和相对值(%CoVaR)两方面详细考察了2002年7月1日至2018年12月28日我国42家上市金融机构的尾部风险溢出效应。结果表明:在q=0.01的情况下,不同类型金融机构对金融市场的系统性金融风险贡献有显著差异,银行类与保险类机构的系统性金融风险值得重点关注;金融机构的系统性金融风险贡献相对值与在险价值存在显著联系,自身风险最低的银行类机构具有最大的风险溢出强度,是我国系统性金融风险防范的核心对象,尤其是国有控股银行。研究结论对于有效防范我国系统性金融风险具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。