对中国县区级计生机构优质服务中社会性别公平程度的探索性研究——基于对M县计划生育管理与服务机构的调查

为探索中国县区级计划生育/生殖健康机构在优质服务体现社会性别公平的程度,对M优质服务项目县的计划生育管理和服务机构进行了2次共9组典型组专题讨论调查。结果表明,在优质服务目标群体的权益保障和责任分担方面,服务领域明显拓宽,社会性别公平程度有了一定改善。但是由于传统计划生育管理模式与服务观念的影响,计生机构主要关注已婚育龄妇女的权益和风险,未婚、更年期女性和男性的生殖健康服务仍然存在欠缺。在两性共同责任分担方面,男性分担避孕生育责任的趋势开始出现,但现有服务资源与规范仍制约着男性参与的程度。     

生殖健康社会性别意识研究——基于服务提供层对服务对象的影响分析

利用2006年生殖健康社会性别分析项目在北京市宣武区、天津市和平区、山东省即墨市、浙江省德清市和安徽省巢湖市居巢区五个县区的调查数据,运用多层线性回归模型,探讨乡镇/街道的基层服务提供层的生殖健康社会性别意识对服务对象的生殖健康社会性别意识的影响。研究结果发现,服务提供层的生殖健康社会性别意识与服务对象的生殖健康社会性别意识存在显著的正向关系。服务提供层的生殖健康社会性别意识的提高可以减弱男性和女性、已婚和未婚,以及不同年龄的服务对象群体之间的社会性别意识的差异,进而促进整个社会的生殖健康社会性别意识的提高。     

计划生育、妇女地位与生殖健康——生殖健康的影响因素探讨

生殖健康是近年来国际社会提出的一个新概念和新领域，研究影响生殖健康的因素已成为世界所关注的一个重要内容。本文从计划生育和妇女地位两个方面对生殖健康的影响因素进行了分析。通过研究表明，计划生育对生殖健康具有积极的促进作用，提高妇女地位是实现妇女生殖健康的根本保证。     

中国人口生殖健康服务需求分析

中国是世界上人口最多的国家 ,庞大的人口群体对社会提供的生殖健康服务需求巨大 ,本文深入分析了我国人口群体对生殖健康服务的需求方和供给方的现状 ,阐明了我国人口生殖健康服务的基本特征及存在问题 ,并希望能对医疗卫生部门和计划生育部门提供有益的帮助     

计划生育协会与生殖健康服务

生殖健康是近年来世界各国政府和民间团体重点关注的问题之一。为了解我县育龄群众生殖健康状况，更好地提供生殖健康服务，县计划生育协会组织人员对6个经济状况不同乡镇(村)生殖健康服务情况进行回顾性分析及追踪随访。现将调查情况与结果报告如下。     

“六注重”推动“生殖健康服务进家庭”行动向纵深发展

甘肃庆阳市西峰区在“生殖健康服务进家庭”行动中，拓宽服务载体，深化服务领域，做到了“六注重”，将“生殖健康服务进家庭”行动引向纵深，取得了初步成效。注重宣传引导。利用区、乡、村服务和宣传阵地，采取集中宣传、标语宣传和入户宣传等方式，在育龄群众中广泛深入地宣传生殖健康科普知识，提高群众生殖保健意识，调动了群众配合、参与“生殖健康进家庭”行动的积极性。     

生殖健康与男性保健

维护与促进男性生殖健康,不仅将使男性受益、妇女及家庭受益,而且有利于社会乃至整个民族的利益。     

安溪贫困母亲养殖牛蛙脱贫

江西省新余市仙女湖区把提高农村妇女生殖健康素质作为人口计生部门参与新农村建设的切入点，以增强育龄群众生殖保健意识为突破口，扎实开展“关爱妇女生殖健康服务村村行”活动。     

农村计划生育与生殖健康服务协同运作的调查

自１９９４年世界人发大会以来，生殖健康这一涉及人口、计划生育、卫生、妇女儿童权利等方面的新概念，逐渐为世界各国认同。如何从中国农村实际出发，探索计划生育与生殖健康服务协同运作机制，是一个亟待研究的课题。本文拟通过对湖北省荆州市生殖健康服务试点乡镇——...     

生殖健康在中国实践的分析

本文在分析国际生殖健康概念形成过程的基础上,回顾了生殖健康在中国的实践内容和特点。同时比较了国际人发大会提出的生殖健康服务内容及质量对我国生殖健康活动的作用和影响。目的是根据对中国实践过程的研究,总结中国生殖健康的成熟经验及对国际生殖健康形成和发展的贡献。从而进一步完善中国生殖健康的内涵,特别是以妇女为中心的生殖健康的形成和发展。     

Measurement of Women's Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights: An Analysis of Developing Countries

This study attempts to develop measurement scales for women'sreproductive health and reproductive rights by using data from125 developing countries. Data were obtained from varioussources, such as the United Nations and the World Bank. Existing studies on women's reproductive rights suggest atwo-factor model. Women's reproductive health is viewed as beingunidimensional. These proposed attributes are evaluated usingconfirmatory factor analysis. Results indicate the presence oftwo sub-dimensions related to women's reproductive rights. Aone-dimension model of women's reproductive health is empiricallysupported. Validity and reliability of the scales are assessed.Limitations of the measurement scales are discussed.     

Women’s land ownership and participation in decision-making about reproductive health in Malawi

Given the centrality of land to rural livelihoods and the high rates of fertility in Africa, there is a need for more research that explores the intersection between gendered patterns of land ownership and reproductive health outcomes. Drawing on a household bargaining framework, I hypothesize that women’s land ownership should be associated with increases in women’s decision-making in multiple domains in the household including financial decision-making (the focus of bargaining literature), but also decision-making about reproductive health. Using the 2010 Malawi Demographic Health Survey (DHS), I find women’s ownership of land (sole or joint) is associated with increases in women’s participation in financial decision-making in the household and women’s sole ownership of land is associated with increases in women’s participation in reproductive health decision-making. However, women’s joint ownership of land with spouses is negatively associated with participation in reproductive health decision-making, perhaps because of backlash or intra-household conflict.     

Men's influence on the onset and progress of fertility decline in Ghana, 1988-98

While lower fertility is commonly associated with women's reproductive autonomy, we demonstrate that the influence of men's education on reproductive decision-making increased during the first decade of rapid fertility decline in Ghana. Husband's education exerts a stronger influence on wife's fertility intentions than does her own education, and the magnitude of the effect of his education increased significantly from 1988 to 1998. Lower fertility in Ghana seems to be associated more with men's declining fertility desires than with women's increasing reproductive autonomy. Nevertheless, there is some indication that women's education may play a relatively greater role in reproductive decision-making as fertility decline progresses still further.     

Qualitative analysis in gay men's health research: comparing thematic, critical discourse, and conversation analysis

Gay men's health typically relies on traditional forms of qualitative analysis, such as thematic analysis, and would benefit from a diversity of analytic approaches. Such diversity offers public health researchers a breadth of tools to address different kinds of research questions and, thus, substantiate different types of social phenomenon relevant to the health and wellbeing of gay men. In this article, I compare and contrast three qualitative analytic approaches: thematic, critical discourse, and conversation analysis. I demonstrate and distinguish their key analytic assumptions by applying each approach to a single data excerpt taken from a public health interview conducted for a broader study on gay men's health. I engage in a discussion of each approach in relation to three themes: its utility for gay men's health, its approach to dilemmas of voice, and its capacity for reflexivity. I advocate that qualitative researchers should capitalise on the full range of qualitative analytic approaches to achieve the goals of gay men's health. However, I specifically encourage qualitative researchers to engage with conversation analysis, not only because of its capacity to resolve dilemmas of voice and to achieve reflexivity, but also for its ability to capture forms of social life hitherto undocumented through thematic and critical discourse analysis.     

夫妻教育匹配对男性平等分担家务的影响

利用2000年和2010年中国妇女社会地位调查数据,考察了21世纪最初十年间中国婚姻家庭的家务分工特征及其变化,着重检验了夫妻教育匹配对家务分工平等化的影响.研究发现,夫妻平等分担家务的现象近年来呈缓慢的上升趋势,2010年全国接近两成的已婚夫妇相对平等地分担家务.夫高妻低的教育匹配模式不利于推动家务分工平等化以及改变"女主内"的分工模式;与之相对,夫妻教育相同和夫低妻高的教育匹配模式在不同程度上推动着男性平等分担家务.文章认为,夫妻平等分担家务代表了现代社会经济和性别平等文化背景下家务分工演变的方向.实现这一转变,女性自身教育水平的相对提高以及教育匹配现象的演化扮演着极为重要的角色;而营造良好的社会舆论环境与完善社会服务体系,则是家务分工平等化的重要社会保障.     

环境激素与生殖健康

环境激素问题已成为全球关注的问题。本文主要论述了环境激素的来源、对生物生殖健康的影响及作用机制、防治等。     

Occupational influences on retirement,disability, and death

This research examines the alternative mechanisms by which occupations influence the nature and timing of older men's labor force withdrawal. We specifically assess the extent to which occupational factors operate directly and indirectly on exiting events and whether occupations constrain traditional determinants of labor force participation. Based on a discrete-time hazard modeling approach, the results substantiate that the occupational task activities--substantive complexity and physical demands--are key elements of the work environment that are evaluated against nonwork alternatives. In the case of retirement, these aspects of occupational attractiveness function as a dominant and direct force in retirement decision making. With regard to disability, the occupational attribute of substantive complexity operates as an indirect advantage (through higher wages) by reducing the risk of disability. Indicators of career continuity also influence retirement among older workers. Finally, the results suggest that financial characteristics and health problems are central to the distribution of older workers across the alternative destination statuses of retirement, disability, and death.     

Rural Egyptian women bear heavy disease burden

In 1998, a multidisciplinary group of researchers investigated women's reproductive health in two rural villages in Giza, Egypt using data from clinical examinations and laboratory tests. In addition, a questionnaire supplemented with in-depth interviews illuminated women's perceptions of illness and the sociocultural context of the community. Examining a random sample of 509 married, nonpregnant women, the researchers found that the vast majority of these women suffer from a spectrum of gynecological and related conditions. Beyond reproductive tract infections, which affect roughly half of the women, genital prolapse afflicts 56% and anemia 63%. Suspicious cervical cell changes (11%) and cervical erosion (22%) in women were noted. Moreover, related conditions were also highly prevalent: women suffered from urinary tract infections (14%), obesity (43%), and hypertension (18%). The team also discovered that two-thirds of women with symptoms had not sought care. Factors other than the physical accessibility, inadequacy in the quality and nature of available health services, and low priority that women place on their health have all contributed to women's lack of seeking treatment. This study suggests that a multidisciplinary approach to medical provision, taking women's perceptions into account is the most effective way to address reproductive health and ill health in communities of the developing world.     

Credit programs for the poor and reproductive behavior in low-income countries: Are the reported causal relationships the result of heterogeneity bias?

Group-based lending programs for the poor have drawn much attention recently. As many of these programs target women, an important research question is whether program participation significantly changes reproductive behavior and whether the gender of the participant matters. Using survey data from 87 Bangladeshi villages, we estimate the impact of female and male participation in group-based credit programs on reproductive behavior while attending to issues of self-selection and endogeneity. Wefind no evidence that women s participation in group-based credit programs increases contraceptive use or reduces fertility. Men So participation reduces fertility and may slightly increase contraceptive use.