论现实主义新诗的语言症候

作为新诗的重要组成部分,现实主义新诗的语言理解对于建立新诗语言的民族化身份具有重要意义.相对于现代主义新诗的"一意向外采辑",试图在现代白话语境下重现西方诗歌理念的诗歌策略,现实主义新诗则浸染着较为浓厚的民族化和本土化色彩.无论是"类型化"的意象选择、寓"训诫"于"比兴"的语言架构还是叙事语态的繁华都鲜明地表明了彰显出现实主义新诗独特的语言实践.     

对于进攻性现实主义的再思考

进攻性现实主义是现实主义在冷战后的新发展,本文阐述了进攻性现实主义的逻辑起点、基本理念,分析了其理论渊源与理论困境,对进攻性现实主义理论进行了较为系统深刻的思考和批判。     

对现实主义的一次过度诠释

关于现实主义问题的相关探讨一直在不同程度、不同层面上进行着,但是这些探讨都依托着一个似乎不言自明的前提,那就是现实主义就是对客观世界的真实摹仿和再现,现在看来,这种认识不仅受到来自哲学和心理学的质疑,同样受到来自现代、后现代艺术实践的挑战。基于这样的考虑,我们尝试从现实主义概念产生的源头入手,从历史发生学和否定主义认识论这样两个方面来探索现实主义所应具备的理论内涵。而因为讨论的是现实主义,因此对于现实主义和自然主义、批判现实主义之间关系的辨析就成为必不可少的,而且应该讲非常的重要。     

现实主义理论及其超越

现实主义在国际关系理论界始终保持着其地位。但是 ,其理论贡献和缺失并存 ,给予其他学派生存的空间 ,并使国际关系理论走向新的综合成为可能和必要。     

现实主义理论及其超越

现实主义在国际关系理论界始终保持着其地位.但是,其理论贡献和缺失并存,给予其他学派生存的空间,并使国际关系理论走向新的综合成为可能和必要.     

简析现实主义文学的历史演变

本文对现实主义文学产生、发展的三个历史阶段进行了分析 ,探讨了现实主义文学演变的历史脉络。     

社会主义现实主义：原苏联马克思主义“世界文学”理论关键词

“社会主义现实主义”作为苏联文学和文学批评的基本方法,在苏联文学界一直居于主导地位,同时也是苏联世界文学研究的一个关键词。在第二次全苏作家代表大会上,吉洪诺夫作了《现代世界进步文学的报告》,他以“世界进步文学”为核心观念描画了一幅世界文学地图,社会主义现实主义由于“进步”的政治性成为世界文学的评价标准。1957年4月,苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所举行的“关于世界文学中的现实主义问题”的学术讨论会从文学内部发掘了社会主义现实主义的“世界性”因素,社会主义现实主义的“世界性”在于“民族普遍性”与“理想超越性”的统一,它立足于各民族共同的传统,同时又超越各民族局限,强调一种对世界性理想存在的表达。苏联作为世界上第一个社会主义国家,其马克思主义世界文学研究为中国的世界文学研究也提供了有益的启示：中国世界文学理论的构建,应该尝试建构一种新的不同的对“文学”的理解,对“世界”的理解。     

现实主义与浪漫主义不是两种基本的文学创作方法

现实主义与浪漫主义这两个从西方引进的重要文论术语在中国近现代的文学研究中是使用频率较高的,但在使用过程中浪漫主义与现实主义本身的含义已经变得含混不清,它们经常被作为静态的概念来运用,被视为两种基本的创作方法或传统精神,进而被认为是从古就有的两种文艺思潮,而忽视了它们是历史性的范畴,也有一个发生、发展与消亡的过程。现实主义与浪漫主义作为从古典艺术到现代艺术的一个历史中介和一个过渡环节,只有运用逻辑与历史相结合的方法才能完整把握它们的本质特征与历史地位。     

公众舆论与外交政策——现实主义与自由主义的比较

本文以现实主义和自由主义国际关系理论流派的发展、演变为视角,着力探讨了公众舆论与外交政策的互动机制以及其作为影响国家间关系的重要变量所具有的理论内涵;并对公众舆论是否具有理性,是否具有真实性、价值性等相关问题进行了比较分析与说明。     

真实与训谕博弈:延安现实主义诗学审美路向透视

中国在接受西方现实主义时,忽略或弱化了对现代性批判这一极为重要的内涵,而是强化了对封建主义、黑暗的社会现实和不合理的社会制度的批判和否定.20世纪40年代延安现实主义诗学的内涵和外延都已发生变异,苏联的社会主义现实主义的传播,使它加速偏离经典现实主义的轨道,向革命古典主义方向发展.把新古典主义纳入社会主义现实主义视阈,是延安现实主义诗学的一个创造性贡献,也是对延安现实主义诗学的政治要求,其目的是为了更好地发挥现实主义的训谕功能.     

Critical Realism,Dialectics, and Qualitative Research Methods

Critical realism has been an important advance in social science methodology because it develops a qualitative theory of causality which avoids some of the pitfalls of empiricist theories of causality. But while there has been ample work exploring the relationship between critical realism and qualitative research methods there has been noticeably less work exploring the relationship between dialectical critical realism and qualitative research methods. This seems strange especially since the founder of the philosophy of critical realism, Roy Bhaskar, employs and develops a range of dialectical concepts in his later work in order to extend the main tenets of critical realism. The aim of this paper is to draw on Bhaskar's later work, as well as Marxism, to reorient a critical realist methodology towards a dialectical approach for qualitative research. In particular, the paper demonstrates how dialectical critical realism can begin to provide answers to three common criticisms made against original critical realist methodology: that the qualitative theory of causal powers and structures developed by critical realists is problematic; that critical realist methodology contains values which prove damaging to empirical research; and that critical realists often have difficulties in researching everyday qualitative dilemmas that people face in their daily lives.     

虚拟实在与实在论

文章是对翟振明《实在论的最后崩溃———从虚拟实在谈起》一文的回应。作者通过对翟先生文章的分析得出结论 :翟先生徒劳无功地企图驳倒原则上不可以驳倒的本体论的实在论 ;而在攻击可以驳倒的认识论的实在论时 ,翟先生则搞错了方向 ;翟先生所作出的唯一贡献 ,乃是证明了我所谓的因果实在论 ,虽然这也许有违翟先生想把实在论一锅端的良好本意     

现实主义之变：从《创业史》到《白鹿原》

同是陕西作家奉献给当代文坛的三部现实主义力作 ,从《创业史》到《平凡的世界》 ,到《白鹿原》 ,其艺术风貌却有很大差异。现实主义对现实的反映与作家看取现实的角度 ,与作家对政治、人性乃至历史等“现实”形态的认识、理解和态度密切相关。作家身处的文学时代变化了 ,作家的“现实观”改变了 ,“现实主义”的创作就会表现出很大的不同 ,同时在经典文本的歧义和缝隙之间也显示了现实主义生生不息的活力     

Realism and Complexity

I will argue that from a CR perspective, social reality is complex. It just is not complex in the ways CT suggests. Even emergence, according to CR, is more complex and stronger than CT suggests. First wave CR is enough to advance the issue considerably, but I will also examine dialectical CR as a further attempt within CR to take account of complexity.     

Realism and Contingency

This paper constitutes an extended response to Athanasia Chalari's paper The Causal Impact of Resistance, which suggests that one may derive from internal conversations a causal explanation of resistance. In the context of our engagements with critical realism and digital research into social movements, we review Chalari's main argument, before applying it to a concrete case: the student protests in London, 2010. Whilst our account is sympathetic to Chalari's focus on interiority, we critique the individualism that is implicit in her argument, arguing that it emerges because of an underlying neglect of the relational aspects of resistance. Instead, we offer a relational realist analysis that treats resistance as process within an ontologically stratified account of reality that is mindful of the contingency of political acts. Taking this route, we establish resistance as an emergent relation, generative of distinctive “relational goods” in the context of collective action, which we locate at different levels of reality, as we move from an analysis of individual to collective reflexivity. In doing so we offer a sympathetic critique of Chalari, building on the thought provoking arguments contained within it, whilst also making a contribution to the theorisation of social movements and the “relational turn” within realist social theory (Archer, 2010, 2012).     

Realism and antirealism in social science

Up until recently social scientists took it for granted that their task was to account for the social world as objectively as possible: they were realists in practice if not always in their methodological sermons. This situation started to change in the 1960s, when a number of antirealist philosophies made inroads into social studies.This paper examines critically the following kinds of antirealism: subjectivism, conventionalism, fictionism, social constructivism, relativism, and hermeneutics. An attempt is made to show that these philosophies are false and are causing serious damage to social studies.Next the subjective interpretation of probability is analyzed as a case of subjectivism. An approach to the subjective perception of justice is sketched as an example of the objective study of subjective experience.Finally, the three main varieties of realism — naive, critical, and scientific — are outlined. It is argued that the scientific attitude involves scientific realism, which is put in practice even by scholars who, like Weber and Simmel, called themselves antirealists.     

马克思主义与批判实在论的辩证法

黑格尔的绝对理念、马克思的辩证唯物主义和批判实在论都属于辩证哲学的家族。马克思敲碎了黑格尔的坚果,拣起了一些碎片,他的伟大在于发现了结构矛盾与颠倒。巴斯卡与马克思分享了三种矛盾(结构矛盾、颠倒与科莱蒂矛盾),又增加了埃奇利矛盾。批判实在论指出,辩证法的本真面目是四重缺失:使对使缺失成为缺失的约束成为缺失。     

Continuities Between Peircean Realism and Critical Realism: On Causation,Ontology, and Truth

In recent years, critical realists have increasingly engaged with the thought of Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914), the founder of the American pragmatist tradition. But the engagement has been mostly narrow in focus and at times misinformed. This paper examines points of continuity between Peircean thought and critical realism with respect to causation, ontology, and truth. Its purpose is to lay the groundwork for further and more fruitful engagement between the traditions by bringing attention to some things critical realists may not have known, and to correct some inaccurate things they thought they knew, about Peirce's philosophy.     

Critical Realism and the Althusserian Legacy

This paper undertakes an historical re‐evaluation of Louis Althusser's philosophical legacy for modern Marxism. While Althusser self‐consciously sought to defend the scientific character of Marxism, many of his closest followers eventually exited the Marxian paradigm for a post‐structural post‐Marxism. We argue that this development was predominately rooted in a series of philosophical errors that proved fatal in a period of retreat for European socialism. There has always been, however, a second post‐Althusserian legacy associated with the critical realist conception of Marxism initiated by Roy Bhaskar. Bhaskar found part of his inspiration in Althusser's successful posing of the question of Marx's science and this paper sets out to excavate the proper links between Althusser and Bhaskar in order to deepen the relationship between critical realism and scientific Marxism.     

Social Objects, Causality and Contingent Realism

This paper is a realist argument for the existence of "social objects". Social objects, I argue, are the outcome states of a contingent causal process and in turn posses causal properties. This argument has consequences for what we can mean by realism and consequences for the development of a realist methodology. Realism should abandon the notion of natural necessity in favour of a view that the "real" nature of the social world is contingent and necessity is only revealed in outcome states. This, I argue, has both theoretical and methodological implications and I develop my argument through two case studies, of homelessness and ethnicity.