中东地区与国际体系转型辨析

中东国家，尤其是伊斯兰国家与国际体系之间存在复杂的辩证关系。从发展水平看，多数国家在世界发展体系中居于边缘位置。但从中东的能源储量、地缘位置、文明发展模式及其对世界的影响等因素看，中东又绝不是世界的边缘地带，而是接近国际体系的中心地区。尽管面临许多困难和挑战，但中东伊斯兰国家的有识之士也正在作出努力，推动自身文明与国家的转型、改革与发展。     

国际能源体系中的中东

本文分析了国际能源体系的意义、结构及其演变,探讨了中东在国际能源体系中的重要地位.一个多世纪以来,中东从国际能源体系的边缘一步一步向中心移动.21世纪以来,国际能源体系呈现出一些新的特点.美国通过页岩气革命大规模开发非常规能源,其能源产量得到大规模提升,虽然中东在国际能源体系中的主导权在下降,但仍扮演着重要的角色.     

中东国家和地区治理困境的根源

中东地区是人类文明发祥地之一,曾经创造辉煌灿烂的伊斯兰文明。但在历史演进中,中东以伊斯兰教为核心的历史文化积淀逐渐显露出其消极面,尤其是伊斯兰教根深蒂固的影响以及延续千年的教派矛盾,使第一次世界大战后逐步形成的中东现代主权国家体系存在着先天缺陷:国家认同缺失或不足,中东国家缺乏地区治理的能动性和主动性,世俗和伊斯兰教两种秩序观的长期斗争,现代化进程中的东西方文明激烈碰撞造成宗教极端思想的蔓延和恐怖主义的肆虐,等等。这些缺陷导致无论是中东国家的内部治理,还是中东的地区治理,皆陷入困境。以扬弃的辩证方法对待伊斯兰文化的历史积淀,抛弃历史包袱,最大限度地减少历史人文因素的消极面对中东国家和地区治理的影响,走符合自身特色的发展道路,是破解中东国家和地区治理困境的必由之路。     

中东问题的历史回顾与前景分析

中东扼欧、亚、非三洲之要冲,盛产石油,其战略经济地位十分显要。从历史发展看,中东地区对世界文明的发展作出过极其重要的贡献。在这里,曾诞生过古老的埃及文明、两河流域文明和波斯文明,同时,这里又是基督教、犹太教和伊斯兰教的发祥地。自古以来,这里的历史发展就呈现出多姿多彩的特点。     

全球化下伊斯兰文明与西方文明的冲突

全球化进程中伊斯兰世界的政治、经济和文化都不同程度的受到西方的挑战和侵蚀.20世纪70年代,伊斯兰复兴运动迅速发展,中东反美、反西方的情绪高涨.海湾战争后,伊斯兰与美国的冲突有所加剧,一些极端势力乘机迅速膨胀,恐怖活动不断升级,直至发生9·11事件.尽管这一事件本身不能算作"文明的冲突",但以美国为首的西方与伊斯兰世界对此的后续反应有可能导致西方与伊斯兰的对抗,引发文明间的冲突.     

美国、中东国家和中东激进组织对石油利益与经济公平的不同解读

中东拥有丰富的石油资源,但在世界能源市场上长期不能把握自身命运.后冷战时期,由于各种内外矛盾的牵制,中东在全球化和现代化进程中仍相对边缘化.美国控制石油的动机表白,与中东伊斯兰国家对此的理解相距甚远,与中东激进组织的解读更是大相径庭.涉及经济公平的石油利益,对中东伊斯兰国家造成了极大的物质和观念层面的压力,使中东乃至世界部分穆斯林倍感不满.     

从伊斯兰法到二元法——巴林法律体系的变迁轨迹

法律体系是衡量文明社会的重要标志.巴林作为中东民族国家建构体系中地缘、社会与文明实体的重要一环,尽管面积不大,人口较少,但其法律体系却在海湾地区具有历史悠久、体系完备以及内容丰富等特点.巴林法律体系历经四个时期:教法学家主导下的伊斯兰法时期、酋长管理下的部族法时期、英国控制下的混合法时期以及世俗和伊斯兰共生下的二元法时期.巴林法律体系的现代化呈现出多元化的理论形态与文化取向.     

哈梅内伊对现行国际体系的认知

作为当今伊斯兰世界最有影响力的宗教领袖和政治人物之一,伊朗最高领袖哈梅内伊对现行国际体系有着一整套独特而深刻的认知.从认知基础来看,伊朗近代史的创伤记忆形成其受害者的心理认识基础;琐罗亚斯德教和伊斯兰哲学形成其二元论的哲学基础;伊斯兰革命的胜利形成了其变革现状的经验基础.从认知内容来看,反体系思想、对伊斯兰世界体系的理解、第三世界的理论构成了哈梅内伊对现行国际体系认知的主要内容.哈梅内伊的认知不仅体现了深厚的伊朗与伊斯兰传统历史文化的背景,而且对于非西方国际关系理论的丰富和发展有着积极的意义,使得伊朗对现行的国际体系兼具抵抗与融入两种特征.     

中阿文明交往面临的挑战及对策思考

中阿文明交往迄今已有2000余年历史,形成"官民并举"的一种基本交往态势,在各个历史阶段采取了不同方式,并呈现出不同交往内涵与特征;伊斯兰文明面临的现实挑战主要包括:1."9·11"事件使阿拉伯-伊斯兰世界因受连坐而声名狼藉,伊斯兰文明面临何去何从的"十字路口"、2.美国借"大中东民主改造"之名进行的文化改造,加重了伊斯兰世界在全球化中被边缘化的程度,伊斯兰文明面临如何与怎样融入全球化的现实困境、3.目前发生的这场内生型的阿拉伯民主运动,实为阿拉伯民族从清真寺走向广场来集体表达民主诉求之举,凸显出伊斯兰文明主动融入全球化的自觉意识;为进一步推进中阿文明交往,双方应进一步加强认知、增进理解与沟通,警惕并应对美国互联网外交带来的新挑战,将宗教交流作为深化中阿文明交往的突破口。     

中东国家经济转型中的风险研究

从国际经济秩序和环境以及中东伊斯兰国家所具备的能力和条件来看,全球化对中东伊斯兰国家更多的是挑战。面对来自国际金融机构的压力和全球金融风暴的威胁,伊斯兰金融究竟该做何抉择尚难确定。国际经济新秩序不可能彻底消除歧视性的贸易政策,实现完全意义上的公正,其中的不利因素无疑会对中东国家构成威胁。此外,全球性经济组织、制度和规则也会给这些国家带来更多的压力。     

Accuracy of the judgment of facial expression of emotions as a function of sex and level of education

The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition of facial expressions of six emotions as a function of sex and level of education (high school, college, university) of the subjects. Three hundred French-speaking citizens of Quebec had to judge which emotion was expressed in various facial stimuli presented on slides. Results show that overall, the recognition of emotions was very good. However, there were significant and strong differences between emotions and sex and levels of education did not have strong effects on the results.This research was supported by grant EQ-1717 from Fonds FCAC (Gouvernment du Quebec).     

公用事业公有制的多种实现形式

分析了公用事业由国有独资经营向公有制多种实现形式转化必须把握好的几个方面。同时,政府应加强对公用事业的宏观控制力。     

浅析廊坊市加快科学发展的思路及措施

主要从思想建设、产业结构调整、城乡一体化方面探讨廊坊市抓住发展机遇,加快科学发展的思路。     

Developing understanding of the idea of communities of learners

The idea of a community of learners is based on the premise that learning occurs as people participate in shared endeavors with others, with all playing active but often asymmetrical roles in sociocultural activity. This contrasts with models of learning that are based on one‐sided notions of learning— either that it occurs through transmission of knowledge from experts or acquisition of knowledge by novices, with the learner or the others (respectively) in a passive role. In this paper, I develop the distinction between the community of learners and one‐sided approaches from the perspective of a theory of learning as participation, and use two lines of research to illustrate the transitions in perspective necessary to understand the idea of communities of learners. One line of research examines differing models of teaching and learning employed by caregivers and toddlers from Guatemalan Mayan and middle‐class European‐American families; the other line of research involves a study of how middle‐class parents make a transition from their own schooling background to participate in instruction in a public US elementary school.     

The frequency of sexual abuse and depression in a sample of street children of one of deprived districts of Tehran

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of sexual abuse and depression among street children who live in a deprived district of Tehran. The researchers used the K-SADS questionnaire and a clinical interview were used to evaluate depression and sexual abuse in 87 street children in Tehran. Eighteen (20.9%) of the children had been sexually abused. Depressed children were 3.2 times more likely to be sexually abused than non-depressed children. Furthermore, 26 girls (86.7%) and 27 boys (48.2%) suffered from depression. The frequency of depression demonstrated a significant association with the father's or breadwinner's history of imprisonment or unemployment. Interventional programs providing education and support should be implemented for street children.     

劳动法视域下新生代农民工权利缺失问题

中国经济崛起和城市化进程过程中农民工的贡献有目共睹,城市让生活更美好的诱惑使得中国的新老两代农民工从农村流入城市,2008年1月1日的《劳动合同法》和《劳动争议调解仲裁法》让社会看到了改善农民工权利状况的希望,然而新生代农民工的权利保护尤其是作为一名劳动者的权利保护的现状依然不如人意,没有救济的权利不是真正的权利、迟来的正义是非正义,每年岁末对于农民工权益的突击性保障并不能从根本上解决问题,把包括农民工权益保障的社会问题纳入法治框架内、通过探析新生代农民工权利阙如问题及原因进而发现从制度层面进行解决才是解决农民工权益保障问题的根本途径。     

Evaluation of the location of cities in terms of land cover on the example of Poland

Urban Ecosystems - The increasing availability of remote sensing materials of varying spatial resolution inclines to look for methods enabling their use, both at planning the spatial structure of...     

Content-masking methods as determinants of results of studies of nonverbal communication

The present study was designed to determine whether the technique used to control the semantic content of emotional communications might influence the results of research on the effects of gender, age, and particular affects on accuracy of decoding tone of voice. Male and female college and elementary school students decoded a 48-item audio tape-recording of emotional expressions encoded by two children and two college students. Six emotions — anger, fear, happiness, jealousy, pride and sadness — were expressed in two types of content-standard messages, namely letters of the alphabet and an affectively neutral sentence. The results of the study indicate that different methods for controlling content can indeed influence the results of studies of determinants of decoding performance. Overall, subjects demonstrated greater accuracy when decoding emotions expressed in the standard sentence than when decoding emotions embedded in letters of the alphabet. A technique by emotion interaction, however, revealed that this was especially true for the purer emotions of anger, fear, happiness and sadness. Subjects identified the less pure emotions of jealousy and pride relatively more accurately when these emotions were embedded in the alphabet technique. The implications of these results for research concerning the vocal communication of affect are briefly discussed.Preparation of this article was supported in part by the National Science Foundation.     

Predictors of Substance Use and Mental Health of Children of Divorce

Abstract

This short-term longitudinal study examined psycho-social influences on substance use and mental health among children of divorced parents. The sample consisted of ethnically diverse fifth and sixth grade students, and compared children of divorced parents (CODPs; N = 176), who were an average of four years post-divorce, with children of married parents (COMPs; N = 213) who had never divorced. CODPs reported more life stress, less problem-focused coping, and more substance-using friends and family members than COMPs. Further, these variables were significantly related to CODPs' greater reported substance use, aggressive behavior, and depression than COMPs cross-sectionally, and longitudinally, four months later. The results suggest the importance of including both substance use and mental health outcomes in preventive interventions for CODPs.     

摩洛哥官方语言政策变迁背景分析

2011年7月2日,摩洛哥通过新宪法修改草案,确定柏柏尔语同阿拉伯语并列为摩洛哥的官方语言。自1956年独立后,摩洛哥官方语言政策经历了阿拉伯语独尊的"一元化"以及阿拉伯语和柏柏尔语并重的"二元化"两大阶段的发展和变迁。本文结合摩洛哥柏柏尔文化运动的发展状况,对摩洛哥政府放弃单一化、采取多元化官方语言政策的政治和文化背景进行分析,揭示官方语言政策与语言权利、话语权和国民身份认同等要素之间的互动关系,并从国内、地区和国际局势等层面分析摩洛哥官方语言政策变迁的影响。