基于秩依期望效用理论的鹰鸽博弈均衡解分析

运用秩依期望效用理论研究鹰鸽博弈模型,在考虑局中人带有情绪因素的条件下研究博弈均衡解的存在性条件以及局中人情绪因素对均衡解的影响规律.研究发现:局中人情绪因素虽然不影响纯战略意义下的博弈均衡解,但对混合战略纳什均衡解存在非常大的影响.如果博弈双方争夺的利益大于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则无论局中人情绪如何,博弈不存在混合战略均衡;如果博弈双方争夺的利益小于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则当局中人同为悲观情绪且情绪指数的倒数之和小于等于1时,博弈不存在混合战略均衡解;否则,混合战略均衡解存在.特别地,如果博弈双方争夺的利益等于双方同时采取"鹰"策略时的总成本,则无论局中人情绪如何,存在且有无数个混合战略均衡.此外,在混合战略均衡存在的条件下,各自的混合均衡战略是分别关于自身或对方情绪指数的单调函数.     

碳情绪能否助力碳捕捉与封存项目发展?

碳捕捉与封存(CCS)项目作为解决全球气候变暖问题的一种新兴减排措施,需要从多维微观视角探究其推广机制。本文将参与主体的碳情绪影响纳入博弈分析框架中,将等级依赖期望效用理论(RDEU)与博弈理论相结合,探究碳情绪影响CCS项目发展的微观作用机制。以国华神木富氧燃烧改造项目为例,仿真模拟了5种异质情绪组合下政府和能源企业的均衡策略选择。研究结果显示：当双方处于理性状态时,能源企业和政府的CCS项目参与意愿都很低,这符合当前国际上CCS项目的发展现状;当双方处于悲观情绪时,悲观情绪越高,政府选择无作为策略和能源企业选择CCS技术改造策略的概率就越大,这是社会资源配置优化的表现;当双方处于乐观情绪时,适度乐观的情绪有利于刺激CCS项目的良性发展,过度乐观的情绪会阻碍CCS项目的发展。因此,本文从碳情绪引导方面提出了管理社会碳情绪相关对策建议,以期加快实现CCS项目的规模化和商业化运营。     

基于情景推演的群体性突发事件演化博弈分析

日益频发的群体性突发事件已严重影响到中国的社会和谐和公共安全。针对群体性突发事件中不同社会群体的利益博弈问题,基于演化博弈理论研究群体性突发事件中强势群体和弱势群体两类异质群体策略选择的演化过程,建立未引入上级政府惩罚机制和引入上级政府惩罚机制两种情景下的群体性突发事件演化博弈模型,对比分析强势群体与弱势群体行为策略的演化稳定均衡,基于数值仿真对模型进行情景推演模拟。研究结果表明,未引入上级政府惩罚机制情景下,当强势群体采取强硬策略的成本与信誉损失成本之和超过其获得收益和对采取抗争策略的弱势群体惩罚成本之和,并且弱势群体通过抗争获得的收益小于其采取抗争策略的成本时,两个异质群体将最终选择合作策略;当强势群体采取强硬策略的收益超过其行动成本、信誉损失和提供补偿成本之和,且弱势群体通过抗争获得收益超过其行动成本、获得补偿和支付惩罚成本之和时,两个异质群体将选择强硬-抗争策略;两群体策略演化速度与策略选择初始比例有直接关系,在初始状态选择策略比例相同情况下,弱势群体均比强势群体更快演化至均衡策略。引入上级政府惩罚机制情景下,当上级政府惩罚力度高于强势群体采取强硬策略获得的收益与其行动成本、信誉损失成本和对弱势群体补偿成本之差值,且同时高于弱势群体采取抗争策略获得收益与其行动成本差值时,两个异质群体都将最终选择合作策略;随着施加的惩罚增大,对弱势群体策略演化的影响不再显著,而对强势群体策略演化的影响却显著增加。研究结论为群体性突发事件情景-应对提供重要决策理论支持。     

政府双重干预下基于渠道商价格欺诈的农产品交易演化博弈模型

个体小规模、分散式的生产方式以及信息不对称的经营环境,导致了我国农户在农产品供应体系中的弱势地位,政府通常采用保护价收购和价格补贴等行政干预手段保护农民利益。论文构建了信息不对称条件下,考虑渠道商价格欺诈的农户、渠道商以及政府的三方演化博弈模型,分析了政府“惩罚”+“保护价收购”双重干预下的博弈演化过程及稳定策略,探讨了政府监管的边界问题,并应用实例进行了验证。研究结果表明：政府监管的概率与选择“欺诈”策略的渠道商规模和选择“销售”策略的农户规模相关;渠道商选择“欺诈”策略的概率随农产品交易规模的增大而提高,随罚金额度的增加而下降;政府的保护价收购政策不一定能保证积极的效果,不合理的折价系数可能破坏现有的市场秩序。说明了合理、适度的市场监管对于维护农产品交易市场秩序具有重要意义。     

基于公平关切线上与线下销售渠道演化博弈研究

公平关切影响决策行为,为分析公平关切对线上与线下销售渠道决策行为和竞争策略影响,构建线上与线下销售渠道博弈模型。基于博弈模型,对比分析四种公平关切情况对线上与线下决策变量和利润影响。进一步,为获得线上与线下稳定博弈结果,基于四种公平关切构建演化博弈模型,分析不同公平关切行为对销售渠道参与者决策行为影响。研究主要得到：一方采取公平关切时,会减少另一方收益;一方采取合作公平关切策略与另一方采取公平关切密切相关,也即当一方采取公平关切概率大于某一阀值时,另一方采取不公平关切;线上与线下经过长期演化博弈,演化稳定点为双方都采取公平关切。     

网络借贷市场参与主体行为策略的演化博弈均衡分析——基于三方博弈的视角

由于监管缺失、信用风险管理缺位,导致网络借贷市场的违约事件持续出现,损害网络借贷市场的参与者利益。本文构建了一个包括网络借贷平台、金融监管机构和投资者的网络借贷市场参与主体的三方行为策略演化博弈模型,从演化博弈的角度分析了网络借贷平台、金融监管机构和投资者的策略选择对网络借贷市场运行的影响,并以拍拍贷平台为案例进行数值模拟分析。研究结果表明：不同初始值的三方博弈结果存在显著差异,网络借贷市场参与主体行为策略的演化博弈不具有稳定中心点、且不存在稳定的均衡点。另外,当金融监管机构采取"严格监管"措施时,惩罚值越高,网络借贷平台越倾向于选择"自律"的行为策略,随着投资者投资额度的增加,网络借贷平台选择"自律"行为策略的概率逐渐降低。最后,提出规范网络借贷市场参与者行为和风险控制的对策建议。     

基于NAC容度效用的博弈均衡

在不完全信息博弈中,参与者对其对手的策略选择的信念采取了较强的限制:每个参与者都可以计算出其他参与者策略选择的概率分布,参与者的偏好采用了主观期望效用。这些假设与主观预期效用理论是一致的。Knight认为不确定性有两种:一种是有确定概率的不确定性;另一种是没有确定概率测度的不确定性,他认为这种不确定性才是真正的不确定性。本文在NAC容度基础上,建立了基于NAC容度的博弈模型,定义了信念均衡的概念,最后介绍了它的经济学含义及应用前景。     

新股询价配给规则与IPO价格形成的进化博弈分析

针对新股询价“价高者得”的配给规则,本文提出与之相对应的“价近者得”规则,运用进化博弈理论,对询价对象群体建立单群体模仿者动态模型,分析两种规则下询价对象的报价行为和新股发行价格的形成,并采用2009年6月到2010年10月我国中小企业板市场发行的新股数据,对两种规则下询价对象的进化稳定策略进行数值分析。结果表明,当询价对象预期抑价率均值足够大时,“价高者得”规则下询价对象有高报价的倾向,而“价近者得”规则下询价对象倾向于合理报价,改变我国现行“价高者得”的新股分配规则,采取“价近者得”的规则有助于提高IPO询价效率。     

考虑决策者期望的企业R&D项目投资路径演化博弈研究

企业在对R&D项目投资时的路径选择行为受到决策者期望的影响。本研究在分析R&D项目投资路径及其决策者期望的基础上,根据政治关联性将企业分为国有企业和民营企业,构建了考虑决策者期望的企业R&D项目投资路径演化博弈模型。研究表明：民营企业是否选择最优路径的策略影响着演化均衡;对民营企业来说,初始投资额差异对该类企业选择最优路径的概率的影响完全一致;乐观决策者的数量、群体规模、决策者期望差异和初始阶段的投资额差异对两类企业选择最优路径的概率的影响程度不同。影响国有企业和民营企业路径选择的主要因素是乐观决策者的数量、期望差异和初始阶段投资额差异。以上结论有助于企业和政府更好地进行管理策略实施。     

群体性突发事件化解机制的随机演化博弈模型

有效化解群体性突发事件是各级政府维护社会和谐稳定面临的重要任务之一。促使抗议群体产生分化进而部分成员接受处置方案成为有效化解事件的关键环节。本文基于Moran过程的随机演化博弈理论，分析了抗议群体选择"退出抗议"策略成为均衡解的成立条件，揭示了群体性突发事件的内生化解机制。研究发现，系统的随机性越小，冲突双方争夺的经济资源越小，政府补偿额和冲突成本越大，群体性突发事件中抗议群体退出抗议的固定概率越大，事态趋于平息。抗议群众规模存在着一个能够成功化解的临界值。比较随机性干扰占据主导地位的弱选择过程和排除了随机性因素的强选择过程，后者具有更小的临界抗议群众规模。本文研究为揭示群体性事件的化解机制提供了一种基于随机演化博弈的新理论解释。     

Bargaining,Reputation, and Equilibrium Selection in Repeated Games with Contracts

Consider a two‐person intertemporal bargaining problem in which players choose actions and offers each period, and collect payoffs (as a function of that period's actions) while bargaining proceeds. This can alternatively be viewed as an infinitely repeated game wherein players can offer one another enforceable contracts that govern play for the rest of the game. Theory is silent with regard to how the surplus is likely to be split, because a folk theorem applies. Perturbing such a game with a rich set of behavioral types for each player yields a specific asymptotic prediction for how the surplus will be divided, as the perturbation probabilities approach zero. Behavioral types may follow nonstationary strategies and respond to the opponent's play. In equilibrium, rational players initially choose a behavioral type to imitate and a war of attrition ensues. How much should a player try to get and how should she behave while waiting for the resolution of bargaining? In both respects she should build her strategy around the advice given by the “Nash bargaining with threats” (NBWT) theory developed for two‐stage games. In any perfect Bayesian equilibrium, she can guarantee herself virtually her NBWT payoff by imitating a behavioral type with the following simple strategy: in every period, ask for (and accept nothing less than) that player's NBWT share and, while waiting for the other side to concede, take the action Nash recommends as a threat in his two‐stage game. The results suggest that there are forces at work in some dynamic games that favor certain payoffs over all others. This is in stark contrast to the classic folk theorems, to the further folk theorems established for repeated games with two‐sided reputational perturbations, and to the permissive results obtained in the literature on bargaining with payoffs as you go.     

Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Game Theory

The behavioral dimension matters in Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) since players throughout a system incur costs to increase system reliability interpreted as a public good. Individual strategies at the subsystem level generally conflict with collective desires at the system level. Game theory, the natural tool to analyze individual-collective conflicts that affect risk, is integrated into PRA. Conflicts arise in series, parallel, and summation systems over which player(s) prefer(s) to incur the cost of risk reduction. Frequently, the series, parallel, and summation systems correspond to the four most common games in game theory, i.e., the coordination game, the battle of the sexes and the chicken game, and prisoner's dilemma, respectively.     

Reputational Bargaining With Minimal Knowledge of Rationality

Two players announce bargaining postures to which they may become committed and then bargain over the division of a surplus. The share of the surplus that a player can guarantee herself under first‐order knowledge of rationality is determined (as a function of her probability of becoming committed), as is the bargaining posture that she must announce in order to guarantee herself this much. This “maxmin” share of the surplus is large relative to the probability of becoming committed (e.g., it equals 30% if the commitment probability is 1 in 10 and equals 13% if the commitment probability is 1 in 1000), and the corresponding bargaining posture simply demands this share plus compensation for any delay in reaching agreement.     

Reputation in Continuous‐Time Games

We study reputation dynamics in continuous‐time games in which a large player (e.g., government) faces a population of small players (e.g., households) and the large player's actions are imperfectly observable. The major part of our analysis examines the case in which public signals about the large player's actions are distorted by a Brownian motion and the large player is either a normal type, who plays strategically, or a behavioral type, who is committed to playing a stationary strategy. We obtain a clean characterization of sequential equilibria using ordinary differential equations and identify general conditions for the sequential equilibrium to be unique and Markovian in the small players' posterior belief. We find that a rich equilibrium dynamics arises when the small players assign positive prior probability to the behavioral type. By contrast, when it is common knowledge that the large player is the normal type, every public equilibrium of the continuous‐time game is payoff‐equivalent to one in which a static Nash equilibrium is played after every history. Finally, we examine variations of the model with Poisson signals and multiple behavioral types.     

The importance of key celebrity characteristics for customer segmentation by age and gender: Does beauty matter in professional football?

This paper examines through the lens of sport whether male and female customers as well as differently aged customers focus on different celebrity characteristics and whether they are influenced by celebrities’ facial attractiveness. Drawing on psychological and sociological theories like attachment theory, social role theory of gender, or social norm theory as well as on the academic literature on celebrity endorsement in general, we develop several hypotheses regarding how a fan’s age and gender affect the importance of key characteristics of football stars—namely experience, personality, exemplary behavior, and skills. Using a proprietary dataset that combines archival data concerning professional football players and clubs with survey data of more than 2100 football fans, we find evidence that female fans attach more importance to a player’s personality and behavior while male fans seem to focus on experience and skills. We further find that when fans get older, the importance of a player’s behavior and experience increases. Moreover, our results show that the facial attractiveness of players clearly influences fan perceptions. Our results contribute to existing research on customer segmentation by providing a more differentiated picture of the effects of key celebrity characteristics on different customers.     

Berk–Nash Equilibrium: A Framework for Modeling Agents With Misspecified Models

We develop an equilibrium framework that relaxes the standard assumption that people have a correctly specified view of their environment. Each player is characterized by a (possibly misspecified) subjective model, which describes the set of feasible beliefs over payoff‐relevant consequences as a function of actions. We introduce the notion of a Berk–Nash equilibrium: Each player follows a strategy that is optimal given her belief, and her belief is restricted to be the best fit among the set of beliefs she considers possible. The notion of best fit is formalized in terms of minimizing the Kullback–Leibler divergence, which is endogenous and depends on the equilibrium strategy profile. Standard solution concepts such as Nash equilibrium and self‐confirming equilibrium constitute special cases where players have correctly specified models. We provide a learning foundation for Berk–Nash equilibrium by extending and combining results from the statistics literature on misspecified learning and the economics literature on learning in games.     

Transformational leadership and childrens' aggression in team settings: A short-term longitudinal study

Social learning theory posits that one crucial way individuals learn how to behave is by observing and modeling the behavior of salient others. We conducted a short-term longitudinal study using multisource data on 183 teenaged ice hockey players (M age = 13.39 years) in 16 hockey teams to test the effects of 3 potentially salient leadership influences (team coaches, team players, and parents) on players' on-ice aggression. We tested a cross-level mediated model in which player aggression (penalty minutes) as measured by referees was the criterion variable. After controlling for prior levels of player aggression, team-level aggression mediated the relationship between team-level coach transformational leadership and player aggression. Parents' transformational leadership did not influence player aggression when assessed simultaneously with team-level coach transformational leadership. Consistent with social learning theory, the findings suggest that transformational leaders model prosocial behavior for followers.     

Gambling Reputation: Repeated Bargaining With Outside Options

We study the role of incomplete information and outside options in determining bargaining postures and surplus division in repeated bargaining between a long‐run player and a sequence of short‐run players. The outside option is not only a disagreement point, but reveals information privately held by the long‐run player. In equilibrium, the uninformed short‐run players' offers do not always respond to changes in reputation and the informed long‐run player's payoffs are discontinuous. The long‐run player invokes inefficient random outside options repeatedly to build reputation to a level where the subsequent short‐run players succumb to his extraction of a larger payoff, but he also runs the risk of losing reputation and relinquishing bargaining power. We investigate equilibrium properties when the discount factor goes to 1 and when the informativeness of outside options diffuses. In both cases, bargaining outcomes become more inefficient and the limit reputation‐building probabilities are interior.     

Uniqueness of equilibria in atomic splittable polymatroid congestion games

We study uniqueness of Nash equilibria in atomic splittable congestion games and derive a uniqueness result based on polymatroid theory: when the strategy space of every player is a bidirectional flow polymatroid, then equilibria are unique. Bidirectional flow polymatroids are introduced as a subclass of polymatroids possessing certain exchange properties. We show that important cases such as base orderable matroids can be recovered as a special case of bidirectional flow polymatroids. On the other hand we show that matroidal set systems are in some sense necessary to guarantee uniqueness of equilibria: for every atomic splittable congestion game with at least three players and non-matroidal set systems per player, there is an isomorphic game having multiple equilibria. Our results leave a gap between base orderable matroids and general matroids for which we do not know whether equilibria are unique.     

个体信任认知对博弈合作行为的影响

将信任认知视为局中人关于对方选择合作的信念,探讨在一次性囚徒困境、有限次重复囚徒困境以及无限次重复囚徒困境中,信任认知对局中人策略选择与系统均衡的影响。为了体现信任认知的动态性,以及降低信任预测的主观性,将动态信任预测认知模型引入到重复博弈的分析框架中。研究表明：当个体的总体信任度超过某一临界值时,合作现象将会在系统中涌现并维持。此外,局中人的本轮满意度、历史直接信任度、直接信任度,间接信任度以及活跃度等因素均对其合作行为产生一定的影响。