Ambivalent Islam: the identity construction of Muslims under Portuguese colonial rule

This article wishes to contribute to the study of the historical processes that have been spotting Muslim populations as favourite targets for political analysis and governance. Focusing on the Portuguese archives, civil as well as military, the article tries to uncover the most conspicuous identity representations (mainly negative or ambivalent) that members of Portuguese colonial apparatus built around Muslim communities living in African colonies, particularly in Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. The paper shows how these culturally and politically constructed images were related to the more general strategies by which Portuguese imagined their own national identity, both as ‘European’ and as ‘coloniser’ or ‘imperial people’.

The basic assumption of this article is that policies enforced in a context of inter-ethnic and religious competition are better understood when linked to the identity strategies inherent to them. These are conceived as strategic constructions aimed at the preservation, protection and imaginary expansion of the subject, who looks for groups to be included in and out-groups to reject, exclude, aggress or eliminate. The author argues that most of the inter-ethnic relationships and conflicts, as well as the very experience of ethnicity, are born from this identity matrix.     

News Media Coverage of Islam and Muslims in Australia: An Opinion Survey among Australian Muslims

Existing research has explored the ways the mainstream news media covers Muslims and Islam, but few studies have examined Muslims’ reactions to this reporting. Studies that have investigated this issue have identified that the responses of Muslims to news media coverage tend to be largely negative because of the lack of Muslim news sources, the stereotypical representation of Muslims in news coverage, the portrayal of Muslims as the enemy within, and the conflation of Muslims with terrorism. This paper further explores the attitudes of Muslims to news media coverage of Islam and Muslims by drawing on data from 14 focus groups (N?=?104 participants) conducted with Australian Muslims. Similar to previous research, findings reveal that Australian Muslims are highly critical of news media coverage of Islam and Muslims and express concern about the divisiveness that such portrayal can have for Australian society. However, the study participants also had positive comments to make about the news media. Possible solutions to negative news media portrayals of Muslims are considered.     

流动穆斯林与大城市回族社区——以南京、上海等城市为例

本文从群体互动的视角研究了流动穆斯林与大城市回族社区的相互关系。本文认为,流动穆斯林大量进入大城市给回族社区带来了重要影响:(1)增加宗教氛围;(2)为清真寺职能发挥提供物质支持;(3)协助实现有效的社会管理;(4)解决"清真饮食难"问题;(5)改善文化结构,促进城市的经济社会发展。同时大城市回族社区也在几个方面影响了流动穆斯林:(1)职业结构发生较大变化,经济收入明显增加;(2)为流动穆斯林提供生存空间;(3)提供宗教功课和文化交流的场所和平台;(4)促使流动穆斯林自身实现文化转型;(5)相对在家乡而言部分流动穆斯林宗教生活淡化。总之,流动穆斯林促进了大城市回族社区和整个城市的经济、文化发展,同时也适应了城市生活方式,促进了自身的现代化。     

The impact of acculturation identification and acculturative stress on creativity among Iranian immigrants living in Malaysia

The authors investigate how patterns of heritage and mainstream cultural identification and acculturative stress may explain how Iranians living in Malaysia demonstrate enhanced creativity in creative achievements and creative problem-solving. The sample included 328 Iranian students who were recruited using a cluster sampling method. The results reveal that acculturative strategies (biculturalism, bicultural integration, or bicultural marginalisation) are associated with enhanced creativity. Specifically, strategies that involve disengaging from cultural practices, also referred to as marginalisation, are associated with creative achievements and finding creative solutions to problems. Moreover, heritage cultural identification mediated the relationship between culture shock and creative solution. That is, students who experienced culture shock in the mainstream culture relied on their cultural heritage knowledge and showed decline in their ability to solve a problem creatively. The findings illuminate how creative accomplishment and enhanced creativity potential may be linked to acculturation strategies.     

Perceptions of the processes of radicalisation and de-radicalisation among British South Asian Muslims in a post-industrial city

This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study exploring the perceptions of British South Asian Muslims in relation to the pathways towards radicalisation and the challenges of community leadership in relation to de-radicalisation. The study is based on in-depth interviews, using an ethnographic methodological framework, with a purposive sample of 30 Muslim men and women, including senior political figures, community leaders, religious figures and young Muslims (aged 18–25) from across the city of Birmingham, UK. The fieldwork was carried out between September 2005 and May 2007. Respondents reflected a general perspective that regards social exclusion, Islamophobia, lack of effective theological and political leadership, regressive anti-terror law and geo-political events as principal factors in the radicalisation and the de-radicalisation of British Muslims. These findings provide important insights into Muslims in Britain in relation to questions of ‘radicalism’ and politics, and they have specific implications for research, policy and practice in this area.     

源远流长 名家辈出——记著名回族武术家马凤图家族

近百年来若干声名显赫的武术家族在继承、传播以及整理、发展传统武术方面 ,做出了显著贡献。本文从研究家族性的武术传承体系入手 ,探讨了人称中国“传统武术家族之最”的回族武术家马凤图一门的历史谱系、武术传承、马氏武艺的历史分期及其在技术上和理论上的特色等。以一家一姓传承和弘扬一个独立的武学体系 ,延续了百年之久而不衰 ,这在中国武术史上确不多见     

Spaces of Muslim Identity in Inverness,Scotland

Each generation of immigrants has its own challenges; for example, how to maintain already constructed identities among first generation immigrants and how to construct identities of the second generation of immigrants. Numerous literature suggests that the previous studies on these topics have been conducted within larger cities such as London, Glasgow or Edinburgh. This article examines how Muslim immigrants in a small city maintain and modify some aspects of their religious and cultural identities. The data consist of 30 interviews conducted with first and second generation of Muslim immigrants in Scotland, analysis of which suggests the size of the city does not appear to affect daily Muslim practices nor their ability to maintain Muslim identity. Rather, access to shared spaces, such as Inverness Masjid and the local halal meat shop, become critical to how Muslim's maintain and modify their identity in a new place.     

走近人道精神的民族文学中的文化身份意识

通过考察中国当代民族文学中文化身份意识的淡化乃至被遮蔽 ,经由觉醒到深化等阶段 ,以及这样的主体变化过程对文学的复杂影响 ,我们发现 ,民族文化身份意识中包含有民主意识 ,并演化为启蒙追求 ;民族文化身份中文化因素从单一向多重的综合将成为趋势 ;当代中国文学的整体性作为一种始终存在的力量 ,制约着民族文学文化身份意识的人道政治追求的必然性。这三个方面所形成的合力 ,是可以避免单纯的身份政治 ,而延伸出差异意识乃至建立人道政治的。民族文化身份作为一种边缘性存在具有重要的意义     

阿拉善草原信仰伊斯兰教的蒙古族穆斯林

蒙古族穆斯林,主要居住在内蒙古阿拉善左旗东北部的罕乌拉、巴彦浩特等苏木和镇,人口有两千多人。他们的生产方式基本同于蒙古族,以放牧为主,但信仰伊斯兰教。他们参加喇嘛教的各种庙会、经会及祭敖包活动,但他们只承认是穆斯林。本文着重对蒙古族穆斯林的历史来源、伊斯兰教在阿拉善左旗蒙古族穆斯林中的传播与发展、民族认同进行探讨。     

论多民族国家中的民族认同与国家认同

如何看待民族认同与国家认同的关系,逐渐成为族际政治研究中的一个焦点话题。文章从个体认同的多重性、民族认同问题产生的根源两个角度,论证了在冲突视角下,将民族认同与国家认同视为矛盾和对立事物的理论观点的不科学性和误导性。科学地认识二者之间的关系,需要一种和谐视角。这种视角认为,民族认同与国家认同存在价值共识和功能上的相互依赖关系,在社会实践中可以和谐共存;二者统一的路径是构建能够有效整合民族异质性与国家统一性的公民身份,完善公民权制度。     

Shame and pride in second-generation German identity in Melbourne,Australia: emotions and white ethnicity

As members of an established, well-integrated, white ethnic group, second-generation Germans are largely invisible in Australian society. Given this, they are easily presumed a group for whom Gans’ notion of ‘symbolic ethnicity’ might apply. However, based on interviews with adult children of German immigrants in Melbourne, Australia, this article suggests an alternative interpretation using recent literature on the role of emotions for identity. In the interviews with adult children of German immigrants in Melbourne, Australia, the notions of shame and pride in relation to ethnic identity were clearly evident. Shame often emerged in interaction with other people in Australia, and particularly in relation to Nazism and the Second World War. However, most respondents felt equally proud of their German heritage, particularly later in life. These findings suggest that ethnic identity for these second-generation Germans is a deeper, embodied experience that is similar to what Bourdieu terms habitus.     

Muslims in Great Britain: the impact of mosque attendance on political behaviour and civic engagement

Is mosque attendance associated with withdrawal from civic and political life and the endorsement of politically motivated violence (PMV)? We draw from a large multi-ethnic survey in the U.K. to answer this research question. Our analysis is unique in that we compare Muslims to Christians to show that mosques, just like churches, can enhance the civic and political participation of their adherents. Drawing from scholarship on religious institutions, social capital, and social identity, we claim and empirically show that mosque attendance is associated with increased electoral and non-electoral political participation, higher levels of civic engagement, and the rejection of PMV. Our findings not only advance the current scholarly understanding of the attitudes and behaviours of Muslims in the West, but also have important policy implications in that they help dispel stereotypical and sensationalist accounts of Mosques and their adherents in the post-Brexit U.K.     

文化表达与族群认同：以武鸣壮族龙母文化为例

龙母传说与信仰在环大明山壮族地区广泛流传。武鸣县多地有龙母庙、龙母屯、龙母岩洞等祭拜龙母的遗址,是龙母文化传承发扬的典型。龙母文化不仅通过口头传承,更透过日常生活中的吃鱼生食俗、岩洞葬葬俗、蛇图腾崇拜及其日常禁忌、三月三歌节与三月三扫墓习俗等方面实践来加以展演和传播。在这些文化事象中,壮族的龙母文化得到了充分表达,族群认同感和凝聚力也不断得到强化。     

西部地区少数民族大学生的文化融合意识与国家认同

西部地区少数民族大学生是中国少数民族成员中的一个重要群体。西部地区少数民族大学生自身发展的内在需要、国家政策的实施以及世界各地不同文化的交流交融,共同构成了西部少数民族大学生文化融合意识的逻辑起点。同时,西部少数民族大学生群体体现出地域性、民族性、多元性的基本文化特征。西部少数民族大学生的文化融合意识对国家认同建设发挥引领、促进、整合的功能作用。     

回族形成的历史人类学解读

本文从历史人类学的角度对回族的形成进行了分析,提出回族的形成过程是基于共享的“既定资赋”,即以Ummah为民族文化范式,在汉文化的宏观语境下,在与不同族群交往、对比以及国家认同与民族认同的互动和重构的综合作用下形成了民族。     

从中国彝族的认同谈族体理论--与郝瑞(Stevan Harrell)教授商榷

近来美国学者郝瑞以四川攀枝花几个彝族支系为例，对中国彝族的认同提出质疑，认为这不符合“族群”的概念，因此彝族的“聚拢”带有任意性。他还从“民族”与“族群”两个概念出发，认为中国并无“族群”概念。本文认为，彝族虽然支系众多，但历来即有认同，新中国的民族识别只是加强了彝族整体的认同性；“民族”与“族群”的概念确有差别，我国以往在翻译和使用上曾将其混用，造成误解，这一问题现已不存在；必须充分利用中国的民族志资料构建族体理论。     

从族群认同走向民族认同——20世纪中后期广西的民族识别研究之三

本文认为,族群是偏重于文化特征的概念,民族是偏重于政治的概念。广西历史上就已经形成了12个各自具有共同历史来源、文化上各具特点并内部认同的族群,经过民族识别,这些族群被确定为民族,使他们从族群认同走向民族认同。但是,这种民族认同是建立在族群认同的基础之上的。     

新加坡推进民族交往交流交融的模式分析

新加坡在建国之初,移民人口众多且民族结构复杂,各民族分块居住且隔阂较深,民族认同与国家认同之间张力明显。但新加坡通过政治、经济、文化、社会等综合措施,有效地协调了各单元民族之间的关系、各单元民族与国家的关系,逐渐探索出推进民族交往交流交融的模式,这一模式具有鲜明的特色,主要表现为：一是政党统领、政府推进;二是存异求同、多元一体;三是明确底线、厉行法治;四是因地制宜、注重实效;五是经济为先、多维并举。对新加坡推进民族交往交流交融的模式进行考察与分析,能够为多民族国家处理民族问题提供借鉴,对新时代加强中华民族共同体建设亦有启发。     

中国的民族企业家与民族认同——以凉山彝族(诺苏)为个案的分析

本文探讨了企业家阶层与民族认同之间的关系,并提出两个重要论点:一是市场力量和私营经济的发展正在逐渐减小家支对诺苏彝族企业家的影响.尽管家支在新企业的起步阶段发挥着重要作用,但是它已渐渐成为企业的一种负担.二是企业家在传统的传承者与现代先锋的角色之间摇摆.诺苏彝族与汉族企业家之间界线的划分是民族认同的重要表现.认同是一种个体和集体的过程,因而只有在与其他群体(汉族)进行交互作用时,企业家阶层才能对认同产生影响.当企业家之间以及其他彝族人之间存在强烈的文化民族主义时,诺苏彝族企业家的民族意识就将得到发展,以期通过企业家和经济发展成就在国家内部得到尊重.