空间集聚、规模门槛与技术创新:基于中国制造业企业普查数据的实证分析

本文构建了关于空间集聚、规模门槛与技术创新关系的分析框架,并利用我国制造业企业普查数据检验了空间集聚对技术创新影响的规模门槛效应.实证结果显示:专业化集聚和多样化集聚有利于企业技术创新,但是溢出效应存在门槛效应.对于规模门槛而言,专业化集聚和多样化集聚对企业技术创新的影响并非是线性关系,城市规模越小,专业化集聚对企业技术创新的影响更大,城市规模越大,多样化集聚对企业技术创新更显著.与大企业相比,多样化集聚对小企业技术创新的影响更明显.专业化集聚和多样化集聚对技术创新的影响在东部地区的比较明显,而对于中西部地区影响不显著.     

异质性产业集聚、创新网络与绿色经济效率——来自高技术产业集聚的经验证据

以2004-2020年中国30个省级数据为样本，探讨专业化与多样化两种异质性高技术产业集聚模式对绿色经济效率的差异性影响，以及创新网络对该影响效应的调节作用。研究发现：高技术产业的专业化集聚对绿色经济效率存在倒“U”型影响，多样化集聚对绿色经济效率存在正“U”型影响；创新网络强化了高技术产业多样化集聚与绿色经济效率的作用关系。基于以上研究结果，各省市需因地制宜选择高技术产业集聚模式，同时充分发挥创新网络与高技术产业多样化集聚的协同作用，培育和释放创新网络在绿色经济效率提升过程中的动能。     

生产性服务业集聚如何影响制造业结构升级?——一个集聚经济与熊彼特内生增长理论的综合框架

本文在集聚经济和熊彼特内生增长理论基础上构建理论分析框架,并采用动态空间杜宾模型探讨了生产性服务业集聚对制造业结构升级的影响机制。结果显示,生产性服务业专业化集聚通过发挥规模经济效应和技术外溢效应,对本地和周边地区制造业结构升级均产生了显著促进作用,而多样化集聚仅通过规模经济效应促进了本地区制造业结构升级,且长期效应大于短期。进一步研究发现,地方政府盲目跟进中央的相似产业政策是导致生产性服务业低质量多样化集聚,进而未对周边地区产生空间外溢效应的重要原因;生产性服务业在东部地区的专业化集聚和多样化集聚以及在中西部地区的专业化集聚,均显著促进了本地和周边地区制造业结构升级,而在中西部地区的多样化集聚则产生了极为有限,甚至不利的影响。在制造业结构升级过程中,金融、信息传输、计算机服务等高端生产性服务业更适合选择专业化集聚模式,而交通运输、商务服务、批发零售等中低端生产性服务业则在多样化集聚环境中更易于发挥结构升级效应。不同的是,金融业专业化集聚、批发零售业多样化集聚仅有短期影响,而无长期效应;而交通运输、租赁和商务服务业多样化集聚则仅有本地效应,无空间外溢效应。     

中国高新技术产业集聚模式对绿色创新效率的影响研究

基于包含非期望产出的Super-SBM模型、中介效应、门槛效应,对中国高新技术产业绿色创新效率的空间差异性、专业化和多样化两种集聚模式以及地区人口规模对绿色创新效率的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:我国高新技术产业绿色创新效率存在东-中-西-东北依次递减特征;地区人口规模在多样化集聚和绿色创新效率的关系中发挥部分中介效应。进一步研究发现,在地区人口规模视角下,专业化集聚阻碍绿色创新效率且阻碍作用逐渐扩大,多样化集聚促进绿色创新效率且促进作用先缓慢扩大后逐渐减弱。因此,应因地制宜采取差异化战略;根据各地人口规模引导高新技术产业集聚,发挥产业集聚模式的正外部性,协同推进各区域绿色可持续发展。     

专业化、多样化与城市集聚经济——基于中国地级单位面板数据的实证研究

本文在新经济地理框架下,利用2003￣2005年的中国284个地级单位面板数据,对中国城市专业化和多样化的特征、专业化和多样化如何促进城市集聚经济以及在经济集聚中的相对贡献进行了理论和实证研究。本文的主要结论是:(1)对资金外部性、技术外部性和交流外部性的细分和扩展可以解释不同类型城市集聚经济的来源;(2)对中国地级市的实证研究表明,现阶段多样化更能促进经济集聚;(3)地方政府可以通过促进竞争,加大基础设施和教育投入,有效配置劳动力资源来促进多样化,扩大城市集聚。     

市场化改革如何影响长期经济增长?——基于市场潜力视角的分析

市场化改革对中国经济增长的影响已经被大量研究所证实,但是系统考察市场化对经济增长影响机制的研究仍比较匮乏。本文在一个引入市场化与不完全契约的内生增长模型中,从市场潜力角度考察了市场化与经济增长的关系。研究发现,市场潜力扩大会提高长期增长率,市场化改革则通过扩大市场潜力对增长率的正影响,而促进长期增长。在此基础上,基于1999~2009年间中国省份38个工业行业的经验研究,发现这一结论显著成立;在控制自然资源与人力资本禀赋、FDI、市场竞争、多样化与专业化及变量内生性后,上述结论依然显著。     

产业结构对创业人员活动影响的理论与实证探究

基于知识外溢理论,在对产业结构专业化与多样化影响创业活动的机理进行分析的基础上,运用我国31个省市自治区5类高技术产业1998～2008年的相关数据进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,产业结构专业化和多样化均有利于创业活动生成;从短期创业效应来看,产业结构的专业化更有利于创业活动生成,而产业结构多样化对创业活动的影响则相对有限。     

城市产业嵌入对县域经济增长的影响研究——基于江苏省的实证

在剖析城市产业嵌入对县域经济增长的作用机理的基础上,研究了城市产业嵌入指数的综合评价指标体系和测度方法,利用江苏省41个县域2014—2019年的面板数据,实证研究了城市产业嵌入对县域经济增长的影响。结果表明：城市产业嵌入对江苏县域经济增长的促进作用明显,但存在一定的区域差异,苏中地区产业嵌入对县域经济的拉动作用最强,苏南次之,苏北最弱。建议通过构建产业转移的精准对接和高效运作机制;积极探索县域产业集群新模式;拓展和延伸农业产业链、价值链等有效措施,构建县域三产融合发展体系,促进县域经济跨越式发展。     

底特律破产启示录

底特律破产再一次告诫世人,一个城市的规模一定要以产业为支柱,用产业的规模来决定城市的规模,同时城市发展不能过度依靠单一产业,应该不失时机地主动推进城市产业转型升级和实现可行的产业多样化,否则就可能走向衰落,甚至难逃破产厄运。     

试论大武汉经济圈发展策略

一、经济圈与区域经济发展 经济圈又称经济区或经济带,它是地域分工和生产专业化不断发展的结果.世界经济空间发展的理论和实践证明,区域经济的发展具有非均衡的特点,而经济圈是由中心城市(或大城市)和周围广大的农村地区,相邻的中等城市和小城市(镇)共同构成的一个在各种经济要素之间以市场经济关系为基础,以城市网络为纽带而紧密联系的区域经济发展有机体.其中中心城市是一个增长极,是现代经济增长的龙头或极核.增长极理论认为:在区域经济发展中经济增长不能同时出现在所有地方,而总是首先在少数区位条件优越的点上不断发展成为经济增长中心(极或城市).以大城市为依托,以发达的交通、通讯、信息等设施形成辐射联系次级中心城市和区域腹地,利用资源和产业集中配置于区位优势显著的中心城市,从而有利于带动整个区域的经济发展,提高经济效益,并通过经济圈内经济的快速增长,增强辐射功能和扩散半径,进而带动更大范围的经济成长,这是经济圈的基本功能与作用.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Equity, Efficiency, Uncertainty, and the Mitigation of Global Climate Change

Policies to mitigate potential damages from global climate change impose costs on the current generation to provide benefits to future generations. This article examines how comparisons among three stylized policies-business-as-usual, mitigation of climate change, and compensation for climate damages-depend on social preferences with respect to risk and intertemporal equity. Also examined is the opportunity-cost criterion, which asserts that mitigation should not be chosen if its net present value is smaller than that of business-as-usual. Analysis reveals that the discount factor used to evaluate whether mitigation satisfies this criterion depends on preferences regarding risk and intertemporal inequality of consumption, and on the risk of the compensation policy. Risk aversion favors mitigation over business-as-usual. If society is neutral to inequality, risk aversion disfavors compensation, but if society is inequality averse, the effect of risk aversion on preferences between compensation and business-as-usual is ambiguous. Inequality aversion tends to favor business-as-usual over both alternative policies provided that, roughly speaking, the anticipated future improvements in welfare exceed the anticipated climate damages.     

The `Game' of Leadership: Exercise, Games, Sports, and Leadership

The relationship between leadership and sports was analyzed. Peer influence was most important, with that of teachers and parents seeming to have a second-order effect as perceived through peers. Each gender benefitted more in leadership when mentored by their own gender, especially so for women. In work settings, men reported more leadership learning and encouragement than did women. Women experienced more frustration in participating in games and sports in school, the encouragement and continued mentoring being insufficient. Harragan's 1977 thesis that the corporate world and the playing field of sports and high-level policy-making have a male schema was borne out.     

Premature Deaths,Statistical Lives,and Years of Life Lost: Identification,Quantification, and Valuation of Mortality Risks

Mortality effects of exposure to air pollution and other environmental hazards are often described by the estimated number of “premature” or “attributable” deaths and the economic value of a reduction in exposure as the product of an estimate of “statistical lives saved” and a “value per statistical life.” These terms can be misleading because the number of deaths advanced by exposure cannot be determined from mortality data alone, whether from epidemiology or randomized trials (it is not statistically identified). The fraction of deaths “attributed” to exposure is conventionally derived as the hazard fraction (R – 1)/R, where R is the relative risk of mortality between high and low exposure levels. The fraction of deaths advanced by exposure (the “etiologic” fraction) can be substantially larger or smaller: it can be as large as one and as small as 1/e (≈0.37) times the hazard fraction (if the association is causal and zero otherwise). Recent literature reveals misunderstanding about these concepts. Total life years lost in a population due to exposure can be estimated but cannot be disaggregated by age or cause of death. Economic valuation of a change in exposure-related mortality risk to a population is not affected by inability to know the fraction of deaths that are etiologic. When individuals facing larger or smaller changes in mortality risk cannot be identified, the mean change in population hazard is sufficient for valuation; otherwise, the economic value can depend on the distribution of risk reductions.     

Leadership in the digital era: A review of who,what, when,where, and why

Leadership as a social influence process has always involved a complex set of phenomena that demands an interdisciplinary lens. Leadership scholarship has now entered into a digital era. In a digital era, the overall phenomenon is changing, as are the tools through which we study it, demanding a new “lens” through which we view leadership. Yet, this raises the question, to what extent is leadership different in a digital era? In acknowledgement of this trend, a special issue was commissioned at The Leadership Quarterly that sought to stimulate the imagination of leadership scholars and practitioners. In the current work, we begin with a brief review of who, what, when, where and why of digital leadership. We cover leadership in informal contexts (e.g., social media), generalization from face-to-face to virtual contexts, computational modeling, the leveraging of technology (e.g., machine learning; Big Data), as well methodological how-to guides. We then plot a path forward for leadership scholars in the dawn of the digital era.     

Breast implants, Hippocrates, and burden of proof

The author argues that the burden of proof for the safety and efficacy of some medical devices properly lies with the manufacturers of the devices and with the providers who use them. The controversy over breast implants is used as a case for this shift in the burden of proof of safety and effectiveness.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.