从比较语法学角度读《马氏文通》

从比较语法学角度读《马氏文通》李锡胤我国自盘古开天辟地以来，第一部语法著作《马氏文通》出版于１８９８年；照传统计算法，今年已是１００周年了。我从比较语法学角度谈几点意见，门外谈文，算是读《文通》的粗浅体会也罢。马建忠在《后序》中说：“则常探讨画革旁行...     

简谈《马氏文通》的“位次”理论的影响

马建忠是中国语法学的奠基人,他的名著《马氏文通》(下称《文通》)是我国第一部系统的语法专著。汉语语法研究中的“位次”理论始见于《文通》。、《文通》已问世八十多年了,人们对它的“位次”理论的看法一直存在着分歧。本文从简谈“位次”理论本身的是非入手,着重对这种理论     

汉语语法意合特点说略

一自从1898年马建忠发表《马氏文通》,创立了汉语语法学,在近—个世纪的发展中,汉语语法学确实获得了长足的进步,成绩斐然。但是另一方面,汉语语法学中的—些基本问题,如词类问题、主宾语问题、单复句问题等,至今仍未得到妥善的解决。这究竟是为什么?当然原因很多,但是最根本最主要的原因就在于汉语语法有着区别于印欧系语言的根本特点,有着“不同于《马氏文通》以来几乎全部汉语语法学者建立起来的语法系统(这些系统都在很大程度上受到     

《马氏文通》句法分析中的意义与形式结合问题

《马氏文通》句法分析中的意义与形式结合问题陈一形式与意义相结合是语法分析应该遵循的重要原则，然而在具体研究中实际运用这一原则时，我们又常常遇到一些难以谐调的情况，有些情况在我国第一部语法学著作《马氏文通》（以下简称《文通》）中就已有所涉及。值此《文通...     

《马氏文通》中的“字无定类”与“字类假借”

中国第一部语法书《马氏文通》 (以下简称《文通》)问世近九十年了。在此期间,人们对它进行了多方面的分析、研究,取得了一系列共同的认识,但也始终存在一些分歧意见。仅以近年来有关论著而言,对《文通》的字类问题就有不同看法。有人认为《文通》中“字无定类”与“字类假借”互见,二者是矛盾的,有人认为《文通》中“字无定类”不是“词无定类”,因而《文通》不存在“字无定类”与“字类假借”的矛盾。根据上述情况,我们感到:对《文通》中“字无定类”与“字类假借”的来龙去脉作一具体分析,进而讨论二者的关系,对于正确了解《文通》乃至从事现代汉语词     

《书》类文献篇题的称引及其文体称名意义

《左传》引《书》,或径称篇题,或以“《书》曰”“《书》云”“《国名+书》+曰”“《国名+书》+有之/有之曰”的形式引入,可反映春秋时人对《书》类文献的称引习惯。《书》类文献篇题的确立应不早于春秋时期。《书》类文献篇题中的“诰”“告”“誓”“命”,原先都应该是表示行为方式的动词,后向文体称名转变,已有“以体命题”的意味。春秋战国时人对《书》类文献的称引,愈加巩固“诰“”誓”“命”作为文体称名的意义,文体命名观念也得以进一步走向成熟。     

马建忠及《马氏文通》的开拓创新精神

本文以西方语言学史为参照,立足于汉语语法学史,认为马建忠及《马氏文通》对于汉语研究的贡献在于：确立了汉语语法研究的理论指导、基本方法、系统思想及独立地位,全方位地奠定了汉语语法学研究的基础     

《马氏文通》对传统词论的继承与发展

《马氏文通》作为我国第一部系统的语法学著作 ,与我国传统的语法研究也有着千丝万缕的渊源关系。无论在词法方面还是在句法方面都有对传统成说的继承 ,主要表现为 :实字与虚字、四声别义与词性转变、语助与虚字等     

《诗经》中的“兮”字

兮字是《诗经》中典型的咏叹词。《说文》云:“兮,语所稽也。”段玉裁注:“语于此少驻也。”刘勰认为:“语之余声。”《诗经》时代兮的读音或以为入支部,或以为入歌部。前者从段玉裁的《六书音均表》直至王力先生主编的《古代汉语》附表都是如此。但段氏又说“第十七部(即歌部)     

释“读”

《辞海》上对“读”的解释是:读,照文字念诵;阅看,默读。古籍上对“读”字也有一种解释:“读,抽也”(《毛传》)。“抽,犹出也”(《郑笺》)。古人认为“读”有抽绎之意,这个解释我觉得非常之好,道出了读书的根本方法。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).