考虑离群值的对数正态模型及其预测分布的蒙特卡洛法实现

在非寿险业务中,对未决赔款准备金进行预测分布有着重要的意义,而流量三角形中离群值的存在,会影响未决赔款准备金预测的准确性。在流量三角形中引入离群值,运用基于正态分布的一元离群值检测的孤立点挖掘算法挖掘离群值,考虑不同位置下离群值的不同修正办法。将蒙特卡洛法应用于未决赔款准备金评估的对数正态模型中,通过数值算例加以实证分析,得到了未决赔款准备金的预测分布。     

非寿险准备金评估的广义线性模型

在非寿险准备金评估实务中,保险公司通常应用链梯法和B-F法等确定性模型,但这类模型无法对准备金的预测结果进行统计检验,因此广义线性模型受到了越来越多的关注.在假设增量赔款服从指数分布族的情况下,讨论广义线性模型在准备金评估中的应用,并通过一个实际的流量三角形数据进行实证检验.     

Kalman滤波在未决赔款准备金评估中的应用

未决赔款准备金是非寿险公司负债的主要构成部分,提高对其评估的精度有着重要的意义。动态模型能够提高未决赔款准备金评估的精度,在动态模型中最重要的是Kalman滤波模型。文章运用Kalman滤波模型进行了未决赔款准备金评估,并对其进行了研究分析。     

未决赔款准备金评估的Mack模型及其预测均方误差的实现

目前,在我国精算实务中对未决赔款准备金评估的不确定性风险逐渐重视,对不确定性加以度量显得很有必要。传统链梯法是未决赔款准备金评估最常用的确定性方法,链梯法应用流量三角形评估未来赔款进展模式,将随机性模型和链梯法结合起来就得到随机链梯法。其中,对于非参数随机链梯法已有深入的研究,该方法直接对传统链梯法的假设步骤建立随机模型,而且没有具体的赔款额分布假设。这种度量估计的不确定性,对准备金负债评估的准确性和充足性具有重要的参考价值。文章利用Mack模型得到了未决赔款准备金的预测均方误差,并通过数值例子进行了说明。     

基于非参数Bootstrap方法的随机性链梯法及R实现

在我国目前精算实务中,未决赔款准备金评估的不确定性风险逐渐得到重视,对不确定性加以度量显得很有必要。传统链梯法是未决赔款准备金评估最常用的确定性方法,而过度分散泊松模型是与传统链梯法等价的随机性模型,在过度分散泊松模型下,准备金的极大似然估计和传统链梯法的估计值相同。文章把非参数Bootstrap方法应用于过度分散泊松模型中,得到了未决赔款准备金的预测均方误差和预测分布,并通过精算实务中的数值实例应用R软件加以了实证分析。     

运用动态线性模型对未决赔款准备金的评估

随机准备金评估方法不仅可以得到准备金的估计值,还能够得到评估的精度.本文介绍了将随机方法与传统链梯法联系,结合Kalman滤波建立的动态线性模型,并运用动态线性模型对我国非寿险公司的数据进行评估.结果表明,运用动态线性模型评估未决赔款准备金可提高评估精度,并能够对模型参数进行校核.     

应用对数正态模型对未决赔款准备金的评估

未决赔款准备金的谨慎提取对保险公司的稳健经营具有非常重要的意义。由于赔付情况的不确定性和不稳定性.实务中越来越关注未决赔款准备金评估的精度。文章基于增量赔付的对数正态模型,给出了准备金的估计值和预测的精度。最后通过一具体实例说明本文方法的有效性,并同链梯法进行了比较。     

用双广义线性模型预测非寿险未决赔款准备金

一、引言未决赔款准备金(IncurredButNotReportedClaims Reserving,简称IBNR)的计算是非寿险精算的重要研究课题之一。经典的方法有链梯模型法(Chain LadderModel)、每案赔付法(PaymentsPerClaimIncurred,简称PPCI)等等[12,15]。这些方法都是建立在一种称之为流量三角形(Run offTriangles)的结构上,这种结构有两个元素,即事故发生年(AccidentYears);以及延展期(DevelopmentPeriods)。考虑由Ⅰ行J列组成的矩阵,其上三角形的下标集合记为Δ,表示已赔付的流量数据单元的集合;下三角形的下标集合记为Δ,表示未决赔付单元的集合。记C…     

广义线性滤波模型在非寿险准备金评估中的应用

文章在非寿险未决赔款准备金评估中,借鉴状态空间模型如Kalman滤波在准备金评估中的应用,以广义线性模型为基础,通过在贝叶斯估计中利用泰勒展开式的二阶近似式构造了离散指数族内的后验似然函数,生成广义线性滤波,可实现动态广义线性模型的参数估计,从而能够向模型中引入新的观测数据递归出更新的参数估计结果。文章通过实例演示了伽玛广义线性滤波模型在准备金评估中的应用。     

基于Copula函数的随机性期望赔付法

未决赔款准备金评估的随机性方法逐渐得到重视,而考虑赔款数据的相关性可提高准备金评估的精确性。在确定性期望赔付法的基础上,提出一种基于阿基米德Copula函数的随机性期望赔付法;在准备金评估中利用核密度估计实现进展因子的随机化,并在此基础上应用阿基米德Copula函数分析两类赔款数据相关性的问题;利用R软件模拟总损失准备金的分布,研究表明该方法相比传统的期望赔付法具有更强的灵活性,其结果也更符合实际。     

Robust Bayesian analysis of loss reserving data using scale mixtures distributions

It is vital for insurance companies to have appropriate levels of loss reserving to pay outstanding claims and related settlement costs. With many uncertainties and time lags inherently involved in the claims settlement process, loss reserving therefore must be based on estimates. Existing models and methods cannot cope with irregular and extreme claims and hence do not offer an accurate prediction of loss reserving. This paper extends the conventional normal error distribution in loss reserving modeling to a range of heavy-tailed distributions which are expressed by certain scale mixtures forms. This extension enables robust analysis and, in addition, allows an efficient implementation of Bayesian analysis via Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. Various models for the mean of the sampling distributions, including the log-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), log-Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and state space models, are considered and the straightforward implementation of scale mixtures distributions is demonstrated using OpenBUGS.     

Bayesian modelling of health insurance losses

The purpose of this paper is to build a model for aggregate losses which constitutes a crucial step in evaluating premiums for health insurance systems. It aims at obtaining the predictive distribution of the aggregate loss within each age class of insured persons over the time horizon involved in planning employing the Bayesian methodology. The model proposed using the Bayesian approach is a generalization of the collective risk model, a commonly used model for analysing risk of an insurance system. Aggregate loss prediction is based on past information on size of loss, number of losses and size of population at risk. In modelling the frequency and severity of losses, the number of losses is assumed to follow a negative binomial distribution, individual loss sizes are independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, while the number of insured persons in a finite number of possible age groups is assumed to follow the multinomial distribution. Prediction of aggregate losses is based on the Gibbs sampling algorithm which incorporates the missing data approach.     

BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF RUIN PROBABILITIES WITH A HETEROGENEOUS AND HEAVY-TAILED INSURANCE CLAIM-SIZE DISTRIBUTION

This paper describes a Bayesian approach to make inference for risk reserve processes with an unknown claim‐size distribution. A flexible model based on mixtures of Erlang distributions is proposed to approximate the special features frequently observed in insurance claim sizes, such as long tails and heterogeneity. A Bayesian density estimation approach for the claim sizes is implemented using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. An advantage of the considered mixture model is that it belongs to the class of phase‐type distributions, and thus explicit evaluations of the ruin probabilities are possible. Furthermore, from a statistical point of view, the parametric structure of the mixtures of the Erlang distribution offers some advantages compared with the whole over‐parametrized family of phase‐type distributions. Given the observed claim arrivals and claim sizes, we show how to estimate the ruin probabilities, as a function of the initial capital, and predictive intervals that give a measure of the uncertainty in the estimations.     

农作物产量保险区域化差别费率厘定的可行性——基于非参数核密度估计实证

采用非参数核函数平滑法以辽宁省、黑龙江省以及大连市的水稻、玉米和大豆三种农作物历年单位面积产量为例拟合了单产损失分布,同时利用传统的正态概率密度对区域作物单产分布进行了拟合。在拟合损失分布的基础上,分别厘定出不同保险水平农作物区域产量保险的纯保险费率。经测算发现,传统的正态概率密度下厘定的纯保险费率均低于非参数核密度下测算的纯费率,正态法低估了农作物单产的风险。保险水平在70%⁸0%间的参数法及非参数法测算的纯保险费率均低于政策性农业保险的现行费率。另外,在数据可得的基础上,还应该确定适当的厘定保费费率的区域以充分识别风险,更精确的计算保费。     

地震死亡人数预测与巨灾保险基金测算

巨灾保险制度在很大程度上依赖于巨灾损失的建模分析。由于巨灾损失通常存在极端值,一般的统计分布很难对其进行有效拟合。本文以我国大陆地区1950-2015年期间的地震灾害为研究样本,基于二维泊松过程建立了地震灾害死亡人数的预测模型。根据地震死亡人数的分布特征,将地震灾害分为非巨灾事件和巨灾事件,分别用右截断的负二项分布和右截断的广义帕累托分布拟合死亡人数;用齐次泊松过程描述地震灾害在给定期间的发生次数;用Panjer迭代法和快速傅里叶变换计算地震死亡人数在特定时期的分布以及风险度量值;用蒙特卡罗模拟法测算我国地震死亡保险基金的规模和纯保费水平。与传统的巨灾模型相比,本文提出的方法同时考虑了地震灾害发生的时间和地震死亡人数两个维度,并用贝叶斯方法估计模型参数,对地震死亡人数的拟合更加合理,为完善我国地震死亡保险提供了一种新的思路。     

Loss prediction based on run-off triangles

Loss reserving is an important subject of actuarial mathematics. It aims at the prediction of future losses caused by claims which have incurred in the past but have not yet been closed. The problem of predicting such losses is particularly important in liability insurance. More generally, it is most relevant with respect to the new regulatory requirements for insurance companies operating in the European Union, which are known as Solvency II.     

机动车保险市场信息不对称分析——来自山东、湖北、四川的经验证据

运用中国某大型财产保险公司山东、湖北、四川三省机动车保险的承保和理赔数据,通过建立probit模型和bivariate probit模型实证检验了中国机动车保险市场信息不对称。研究发现,中国机动车保险市场存在显著的信息不对称,且在险种和地区分布上不平衡。随着索赔次数的增加,信息不对称的险种差异仍然存在,但地区差异渐趋消失。同时,投保人在商业第三者责任保险赔偿限额的选择上存在显著的正向选择。最后,对保险公司如何应对信息不对称提出了一些政策建议。     

Loss prediction in a linear model under a linear constraint

Loss reserving is an important subject of actuarial mathematics. It aims at the prediction of future losses caused by claims which have incurred in the past but have not yet been closed. The problem of predicting such losses is particularly important in liability insurance. In the present paper we study conjoint prediction of paid and incurred losses in a linear model with a linear constraint which is intended to reduce the gap between the predictors of ultimate paid and incurred losses. We thus present an application to actuarial mathematics of the general result established by Kloberdanz and Schmidt (AStA Adv. Stat. Anal. 92:207–215, 2008).     

基于copula回归模型的损失预测

在非寿险损失预测的广义线性模型中,通常假设损失次数与损失强度相互独立,事实上二者之间往往存在一定的相依关系,可通过copula函数来刻画.在损失已经发生的条件下,假设损失次数服从零截断泊松分布,损失强度服从伽玛分布,可以建立损失次数与损失强度相互依赖的copula回归模型.把损失强度的分布扩展到逆高斯分布,并将此模型应用于一组车险保单数据进行实证研究.结果表明:该模型不但在损失预测方面优于独立假设下的广义线性模型,而且也优于损失强度服从伽马分布假设下的copula回归模型.     

Modeling and predicting IBNR reserve: extended chain ladder and heteroscedastic regression analysis

This work deals with two methodologies for predicting incurred but not reported (IBNR) actuarial reserves. The first is the traditional chain ladder, which is extended for dealing with the calendar year IBNR reserve. The second is based on heteroscedastic regression models suitable to deal with the tail effect of the runoff triangle – and to forecast calendar year IBNR reserves as well. Theoretical results regarding closed expressions for IBNR predictors and mean squared errors are established – for the case of the second methodology, a Monte Carlo study is designed and implemented for accessing finite sample performances of feasible mean squared error formulae. Finally, the methods are implemented with two real data sets. The main conclusions: (i) considering tail effects does not imply theoretical and/or computational problems; and (ii) both methodologies are interesting to design softwares for IBNR reserve prediction.