费孝通“志在富民”思想及其对农村社会工作者的启示

费孝通先生是享誉海内外的社会学家、人类学家、民族学家和社会活动家,我国现代社会学和人类学的创始人。他毕生的追求就是＂志在富民＂,在不同的历史时期,其富民思想具体的内涵也随着时代的变迁而变化发展,但核心内容就是通过对中国农村的深入研究,探求中国式的富民之路。费孝通先生不仅为推动城乡发展、增加农民收入等方面做出了历史性贡献,同时他的治学精神和科研方法也为当代农村社会工作者带来了丰富的理论支持和深刻的启迪。本文拟就费孝通的＂志在富民＂思想及其对农村社会工作者的启示作简要阐述。     

社会保障基金管理与审计监督研究

我国社会保障体系正在完善中 ,社会保障基金管理与投资运营中的许多问题逐渐暴露和亟待解决 ,尤其社会保障基金投资运营风险的防范和控制 ,更是我们目前所面临的难点问题。为解决社会保障基金管理乏力、投资运营风险防范不力和保值增值不理想等问题 ,本文重点对社会保障基金风险预警、防范及审计监督系统的建立与可操作性进行研究 ,旨在建立一个有效的社会保障基金风险预警监控系统 ,确保基金投资运营的高额回报率。     

What kind of Community measures for 1993?

During the ISSA General Assembly in Vienna in September 1989, a number of members from European Community countries expressed the wish that the ISSA should, as part of its programme, look into the social security consequences of the institution of the Single European Market after 1992. The ISSA General Secretariat consequently decided to carry out a survey of its member organizations in Community countries in order to draw up a directory of the studies carried out by these institutions, the aim being to identify problems related to the constitution of the so-called European social area, particularly the free movement of persons and goods, and review the measures that had been or were being implemented and the experience of institutions at the Community level. As a rule, in the countries in question, the heads of social security organizations are excluded from the bodies in which recommendations and rules are drawn up; on the other hand, the implementation and management of social security schemes do form part of their field of competence.
Some 40 member organizations replied to the survey questionnaire, and the ISSA General Secretariat requested Mr. Voirin, a specialist on European questions, to write the present article analysing the results.     

Sheltered Housing and Community

This paper considers the role of sheltered housing following the introduction of new community care arrangements in 1993 and examines the continuing uncertainty about its exact role as community care continues to develop. It reports on a study conducted in Shropshire, using a postal survey and interviews with older people and service professionals. The study highlights the importance of sheltered housing for older people, particularly in relieving them of concerns about maintenance and repairs, social isolation and security. These factors were crucial for their overall peace of mind and quality of life. While only a small proportion of tenants received help under social services' community care arrangements, the additional support, monitoring and service coordination provided by wardens helped some of them to remain in sheltered housing when residential or nursing home care might otherwise have been necessary. Sheltered housing was overwhelmingly popular with older people — but their satisfaction was closely associated with the availability and quality of the warden service. Although sheltered housing is not currently in vogue in housing policy, the paper argues that it plays a vital role in local provision for older people and needs to be more closely integrated into community care policy, while at the same time preserving the characteristics that make it popular with its residents.     

Welfare municipalities: economic resources or party politics? Norwegian local government social programs of the 1920s

This article analyses the introduction of Norwegian local government social security programs for the elderly, disabled persons, widows and single mothers in the 1920s. The role of local government as an agent and initiator of welfare state development has been for the most part neglected within the welfare state literature. Indeed, the first social security programs in Norway were introduced by local governments, affecting nearly half of the population. Even if these programs were not very generous compared with the social security programs of our time, many of them were equal to, or even more generous than, the national pension scheme introduced in 1936. This article examines what distinguished the social security municipalities from those that did not implement such programs, and the variation in generosity profiles. The conclusion is that the main determinant regarding the implementation and generosity of the local social security programs is the political strength of the two Norwegian socialist parties at the time – the Social democratic party and the Labour party – both being too impatient to wait for a national social security plan, and both being willing to mobilise economic resources through taxation and borrowing.     

Jumping through hoops – the cost of compliance on sole parents

Australian governments along with other western countries have made significant changes to the welfare system with a focus on encouraging sole parents on social security payments to move into paid work. This paper reports on in‐depth interviews with 48 sole parents about their experiences with the welfare‐to‐work process and with a range of other services. Although parents reported some positive encounters, they also described a range of negative experiences, including how they needed to repeatedly prove their entitlement to help, leaving them feel as if they were undeserving of support. The study has demonstrated that it is often the most vulnerable parents who feel under close scrutiny and who have to work extra hard to get the help they need. These experiences can also see them disengaging from services. The findings show how the current policy environment adds to the complexity of sole parents' lives reinforcing their disadvantage.     

Compulsory income management: Combatting or compounding the underlying causes of homelessness?

Compulsory Income Management (CIM) is a form of conditional welfare that involves the mandatory quarantining of a portion of welfare recipients’ social security payments. Quarantined funds are accessible via a government-issued debit card, with restrictions surrounding where and on what funds can be spent. Official justifications of CIM have framed these policies as attempts to combat substance abuse and gambling problems, and to thus secure better outcomes for welfare recipients and their families. Central to this narrative has been the argument that welfare quarantining will ensure more money is spent on ‘essentials’, including accommodation. No existing studies, however, have specifically interrogated the impacts of CIM on housing security. This article responds to this gap in the literature by reviewing existing research concerning CIM's impacts and locating this research within broader debates regarding the causes of homelessness and the efficacy of individualised policy interventions. In doing so, it highlights CIM's potential to exacerbate housing insecurity not only through technical issues such as rental transfer failures, but also by contributing to underlying stressors such as economic disadvantage; relationship difficulties, poor health and addiction; and social stigma. The article concludes that – far from addressing the structural causes of homelessness – CIM has enflamed them.     

农民群体的保障观

农民的社会保障近年来备受关注,但观念层面的讨论却很少出现在学术视野当中。保障观的研究有助于自下而上地理解农民作为底层群体的生存及发展状况,有利于加强社会保障政策的针对性和实效性。本文从农民立场出发,透过农民个体的生命历程及家庭中重大事件,分析农民“浸润”在日常生活中的对于保障的看法,从中探究作为农民“生存之道”的保障观的形成及意义,使社会保障研究和决策真正了解到他们的需要,真正有利于农民生存状态的改善。     

从《城市季风》到广泛的社会关怀——记社会学、教育学知名专家杨东平

本文记述社会学、教育学知名专家杨东平先生的学术、社会活动历程,展示了他从城市文化到环境、教育的研究范围,从人文到社会发展方面广泛的社会关怀;着重评述他1994年出版的《城市季风——北京和上海的文化精神》一书及2006年修订版的影响和他对京沪两个城市的认识与反思。     

Retirement and health benefits for Mexican migrant workers returning from the United States

In the absence of a bilateral agreement for the portability and totalization of social security contributions between the United States and Mexico, this article examines the access to pension and health insurance benefits and employment status of older Mexican return migrants. We find that return migrants who have spent less than a year in the United States have a similar level of access to social security benefits as non‐migrants. Return migrants who have spent at least a year in the United States are less likely to have public health insurance or social security benefits, and could be more vulnerable to poverty in old age. These results inform the debate on a bilateral social security agreement between the United States and Mexico to improve return migrants' social security.     

Room to move? Professional discretion at the frontline of welfare‐to‐work

Outcomes of social policies have always been mediated by the discretionary agency of front‐line staff, processes which nevertheless have received insufficient attention in policy evaluation and in the social policy literature more broadly. This article takes the case example of the policy reforms associated with the Australian government's welfare‐to‐work agenda. Drawing on two discreet research projects undertaken at different points in the policy trajectory, the practices of social workers in Centrelink – the Commonwealth government's primary service delivery agency involved in welfare‐to‐work – is examined. Centrelink social workers have been and remain one of the core groups of specialist staff since the Department's inception in the late 1940s, working to improve the well being of people in receipt of income security. Their experiences of the recent past and their expectations of the future of their professional practice as welfare reform becomes more entrenched are canvassed. In summary, the discretionary capacity of the Centrelink social workers to moderate or shape the impact of policy on income security recipients is steadily eroding as this group of professionals is increasingly captured by the emerging practices of workfare.     

Redefining Welfare: Australian Social Policy and Practice

The present paper outlines and analyzes Australia's welfare reform policies as they have been implemented over the past decade. While there have been numerous social policy initiatives over this period, welfare reform provides an interesting site for analysis and review. This suite of policies and programs is of particular importance from several standpoints. First, its target groups – those needing income security assistance, including the unemployed, people with disabilities, and single parents – are historically and traditionally of concern to social work and social welfare. Second, welfare reform policies have had significant impact on social welfare agencies, and the social workers and welfare workers employed in them. Finally, welfare reform has had a wider impact on inequality in Australia and our attitudes to those in need. This paper first provides a brief overview of the context of Australian social policy and welfare, its origins and current situation. It then outlines the key operational elements of welfare reform and how it has been implemented. The third section of the paper offers a critical analysis of these policies and programs and finally poses some questions and issues requiring further discussion and research.     

Improving the protection of migrant workers with work histories in the European Union and Ibero-America: Enhancing the coordination of international social security instruments

Migration affects almost every nation, emphasizing the need to guarantee social security rights for all migrants and their families. This article focuses on the rights of workers who migrate between the countries of the European Union (EU) and the Ibero-American community. In the EU, social security systems are increasingly coordinated through Regulation No. 883/2004 and its Implementing Regulation No. 987/2009. In the Ibero-American community, coordination is sought through the Ibero-American Social Security Convention. Despite convergence between these two international instruments, coordination is still lacking between them. This article presents a comparative analysis to articulate the necessary mechanisms to guarantee coordination, to respect the social security rights of migrant workers. We focus on the cooperation and coordination between regional as well as national systems, specifically looking at the need for and aims of a rapprochement between these two major international coordination instruments to provide greater EU-Ibero-American cooperation. Finally, the importance of promoting greater international cooperation in social security policy and administration is highlighted, to engender the adequate protection of the rights as well as the free movement of migrant workers.     

“祥林嫂”是谁?

人们通常认为《祝福》是一篇反封建的小说,主人公祥林嫂的命运及其遭际则是数千年中国下层妇女的一个缩影。但本文认为,透过《祝福》的文本缝隙,我们能够看到在这个人物身上所体现的不仅是一个封建妇女的形象,而且还有鲁迅先生本人的身影,而对于这一点的解读则是理解《祝福》的关键所在。     

Social Security in South Korea and Singapore: Explaining the Differences

The paper sets out statutory social security arrangements in Korea and Singapore and then explains the differences between them. It finds that while Korea has a relatively advanced social security system based primarily on social insurance, Singapore has a patchwork of programmes based on forced saving, tax allowance, public assistance, and public insurance schemes run along commercial lines. Moreover, the increasing share of government expenditure devoted to social security in Korea stands in sharp contrast to the declining share in Singapore. The paper accounts for the variations in terms of the different economic objectives of the two states and the different international and societal constraints they face. In contrast to South Korea * * Republic of Korea. Hereafter referred to as Korea.
which has rapidly established an elaborate set of income maintenance and health care programmes, Singapore continues to resist expansion of such programmes. The objective of this paper is to describe the social security programmes in the two countries and then explain why the supposedly similar political economies have pursued entirely different social security strategies. The paper will argue that to understand the variations, we need to examine the varying economic objectives of the two states and the different international and societal constraints they face.     

The impact of the use of the social welfare services or social security benefits on attitudes to social welfare policies

Muuri A. The impact of the use of the social welfare services or social security benefits on attitudes to social welfare policies
Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 182–193 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. This article investigates the attitudes of citizens and clients to social welfare services and social security benefits. The data come from a Finnish national survey conducted at the end of 2006. First, the article overviews the previous welfare‐state studies relating especially to the theoretical perspectives of self‐interest and legitimacy. The empirical analysis indicates (i) that a different operation of self‐interest can only weakly explain the differences in attitudes between services and benefits; (ii) that there is general support for Finnish social welfare services and social security benefits, which, however, is mixed with growing criticism among women and pensioners who are supposed to benefit most from the welfare policies; and (iii) that such determinants of attitude as gender, use and, to some extent, lifecycle have become as important as class‐related factors such as income and education.     

Thomas William Cramp, Almoner: The Forgotten Man in a Female Occupation

Correspondence to Andrew Sackville, Social Sciences Department, Edge Hill College of Higher Education, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP. Summary This paper uses archive sources to reconstruct the activitiesof a pioneer almoner who had the unique distinction of beingthe only man in what at that time was a female occupation. Againstthe background of an account of the development of almoningas an occupation, it examines both the hospital work and theinvolvement in his professional association of Mr Thomas WilliamCramp, the Almoner at the Metropolitan Hospital, London, from1902 to 1923. The paper also questions why Mr Cramp has beenwritten out of the great majority of historical accounts ofalmoning/medical social work.     

Contact and Collaboration with General Practitioners: A Comparison of Social Workers and Community Psychiatric Nurses

Correspondence to Mr M. Sheppard, Department of Applied Social Science, Polytechnic South West, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA. Summary For some years good communication and collaboration betweenhealth and welfare professionals has been emphasized as a desirablegoal by both official reports and relevant professions. Thisis as much the case in mental health as other areas. This papercompares communication and collaboration between social workersand general practitioners (GPs) with that between communitypsychiatric nurses (CPNs) and GPs. Both social workers and CPNswere based at a community mental health centre, and the contactwas interagency (with primary health care). Major differenceswere found between social workers and CPNs. CPNs were far morelikely to contact GPs than social workers, although GPs veryrarely initiated contact themselves. Differences reflected different‘philosophies of contact’. Social workers contactedGPs when this could be purposively related to their case management.In addition to this contact, CPNs also made contact to provideGPs with information, reflecting awareness of GPs' long-termcontinuing care responsibility. The excess of CPN contacts wasnot limited, but involved a wide range of problems. GPs, however,when contacted, exerted greater influence on social work casemanagement. The article concludes by explaining differencesbetween CPNs and social workers in terms of occupational culture.It suggests, furthermore, that the results arise at least inpart from assumptions of team leadership by GPs, and that socialworkers' and CPNs' behaviour represents different responsesto this.     

Service Delivery for the Community Elderly:

Effective service delivery should be based on the interpretation of social research theory into an operational plan. This paper reports on the demonstration and study of an innovative service model which integrates the theories of social roles, life space, and organizational participarion. Through the development of informal support systems on a neighborhood basis, linkages between the elderly person and his environmenr have been effectively strengthened or re-established. It is suggesred that the model be replaced in more rural and urban areas.