共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Sana M 《Demography》2010,47(3):801-820
Between 1994 and 2006, the ratio of foreign-born scientists and engineers (FSE) to native scientists and engineers (NSE) doubled.
I decompose this change into a migration effect (which accounts for migration in general), a proportional college effect (which
accounts for the relative proportions of college graduates among migrant and native workers), and a proportional science and
engineering (S&E) effect (which accounts for the relative proportions of S&Es among migrant and native college-educated workers).
Results show that the migration effect explains about three-quarters of the increase in FSE/NSE during the entire period under
study. The proportional S&E effect, which captures changes in the ratio as a result of immigration of S&Es in excess of what
would be expected from general migration alone, was largest in 1995–1998, which were years of sustained economic growth. Conversely,
a slower economy coincided with a declining proportional S&E effect after 2000. Increases in the annual cap on H-1B visas,
an important avenue of entry for foreign-born S&Es, had little effect on the ratio. In short, during 1994–2006, the association
between economic swings and the specific, more than proportional migration of S&Es was much stronger than the association
between the latter and changes in the H-1B cap. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
Daniela Vuri 《Journal of population economics》2018,31(4):1203-1237
This paper studies the economic implications for mothers of the changes in child custody law from maternal preference to joint custody using the 1960–2000 Census Public Use Micro Sample (IPUMS). Variation in the timing of the joint custody reform across states provides a natural experimental framework to study the causal effect of shared custody on mothers’ economic outcomes. The results show that only single mothers experience a decrease in earnings as a consequence of the adoption of the joint custody law, exposing them to a higher risk of poverty. The paper discusses a possible explanation for these findings, namely that the higher child support payment the mother receives from the non-custodial father in case of joint custody might discourage her from looking for high paid jobs or investing in her career. 相似文献
5.
Married women continue to spend more time doing housework than men and economic resources influence women’s housework more
strongly than men’s. To explain this, gender theorists point to how gender figures into identities, family interactions, and
societal norms and opportunity structures. The extent of this configuration varies culturally and, in the United States, by
race-ethnicity because of how race-ethnicity conditions access to resources and influences gender relations within marriages.
Housework levels and gender differences may be lower in Black married couples compared to other couples because of Black women’s
higher historical levels of employment and consequently long-standing need to balance work and family responsibilities. Race-ethnicity
also likely conditions the symbolic meaning and thus association of economic resources and housework. We use pooled time diary
data from the 2003 to 2007 American Time Use Study from 26,795 married women and men to investigate how and why race-ethnicity
influences housework. Our results indicate Hispanic and Asian women do more cooking and cleaning compared with White and Black
women and the inverse relationship between women’s earnings and housework is steeper for Hispanic women compared with other
women. We find no evidence that married Black men devote more time to housework than White men, either core or occasional,
unlike earlier studies. 相似文献
6.
Traditional measures of poverty are informative in indicating the degree of economic deprivation in a population at a cross-sectional point in time, but they do not consider growth in the size of the non-poverty population. We develop a measure of non-poverty population growth in order to explore whether it constitutes a useful indicator of an important demographic dynamic. We illustrate our approach with an analysis of the U.S. states using Census and American Community Survey data from 1990, 2000, and 2010. The results indicate that the extent to which the non-poor population increased across states is uncorrelated with the initial poverty rate as conventionally measured. Broken down by nativity, the findings further show that some states with official poverty rates above the national average (e.g., Arizona, Georgia, and Texas) nonetheless had some of the highest rates of non-poor population growth among less skilled immigrants. By contrast, other states with official poverty rates below the national average (e.g., Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont) often had low rates of non-poor population growth among less skilled immigrants. These findings suggest that low initial poverty rates do not necessarily contribute substantially to the alleviation of global poverty through the immigration of less skilled persons from less developed nations. However, the rate of non-poor population growth among less skilled immigrants also appears to be uncorrelated with state variation in minimum wages even after taking into account population density and median home value. 相似文献
7.
Economic Migration and Happiness: Comparing Immigrants’ and Natives’ Happiness Gains From Income 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Bartram 《Social indicators research》2011,103(1):57-76
Research on happiness casts doubt on the notion that increases in income generally bring greater happiness. This finding can
be taken to imply that economic migration might fail to result in increased happiness for the migrants: migration as a means
of increasing one’s income might be no more effective in raising happiness than other means of increasing one’s income. This
implication is counterintuitive: it suggests that migrants are mistaken in believing that economic migration is a path to
improving one’s well-being, at least to the extent that well-being means (or includes) happiness. This paper considers a scenario
in which it is less likely that migrants are simply mistaken in this regard. The finding that increased incomes do not lead
to greater happiness is an average (non)effect—and migrants might be exceptional in this regard, gaining happiness from increased
incomes to a greater extent than most people. The analysis here, using data from the World Values Survey, finds that the association
between income and happiness is indeed stronger for immigrants in the USA than for natives—but even for immigrants that association
is still relatively weak. The discussion then considers this finding in light of the fact that immigrants also report lower
levels of happiness than natives after controlling for other variables. 相似文献
8.
Erin R. Hamilton Andrés Villarreal Robert A. Hummer 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(2):123-142
This study explores rural and urban differences in the relationship between U.S. migration experience measured at the individual,
household, and community levels and individual-level infant mortality outcomes in a national sample of recent births in Mexico.
Using 2000 Mexican Census data and multi-level regression models, we find that women’s own U.S. migration experience is associated
with lower odds of infant mortality in both rural and urban Mexico, possibly reflecting a process of healthy migrant selectivity.
Household migration has mixed blessings for infant health in rural places: remittances are beneficial for infant survival,
but recent out-migration is disruptive. Recent community-level migration experience is not significantly associated with infant
mortality overall, although in rural places, there is some evidence that higher levels of community migration are associated
with lower infant mortality. Household- and community-level migration have no relationship with infant mortality in urban
places. Thus, international migration is associated with infant outcomes in Mexico in fairly complex ways, and the relationships
are expressed most profoundly in rural areas of Mexico.
相似文献
Robert A. HummerEmail: |
9.
Christopher S. Fowler Danielle C. Rhubart Leif Jensen 《Population research and policy review》2016,35(2):263-286
This paper employs commuter flow data from the 1990 and 2000 Decennial Censuses, and the 2006–2010 American Community Survey to replicate, evaluate, and extend the delineation of commuting zones first proposed by Tolbert and Killian (Labor Market Areas for the United States, 1987). Commuting zones offer a valuable tool for research on regional economies and have long served rural sociologists, economists, and geographers interested in a representation of the economy that acknowledges a connection between urban and rural areas and the capacity of economic systems to cross state lines. Our delineations provide both an update in the form of new delineations for 2010 and a revised set of 1990 and 2000 delineations that benefit from a consistent methodology across decades. We also provide a set of tools for comparing delineations across methods and over time. In presenting our revised delineations, we shed light on the role of expert opinion in the original delineations, the strengths and weaknesses of the original method, and offer suggestions for further revision of this tool that may better reflect the theoretical conception of commuting zones. 相似文献
10.
Jisoo Hwang 《Journal of population economics》2016,29(2):529-570
The fraction of U.S. college graduate women who ever marry has increased relative to less educated women since the mid-1970s. In contrast, college graduate women in developed Asian countries have had decreased rates of marriage, so much so that the term “Gold Misses” has been coined to describe them. This paper argues that the interaction of rapid economic growth in Asia combined with the intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes causes the “Gold Miss” phenomenon. I present a simple dynamic model then test its implications using U.S. and Asian data on marriage and time use. 相似文献
11.
Caregiving to family members comprises a major part of familial obligations in the United States. Informal caregiving is unevenly
distributed in society, with women performing most of the work and bearing the burden of its costs. This paper addresses the
cost dimension of informal caregiving to family members by examining whether and how it penalizes women’s employment. Drawing
data from the 1987 and 1992 National Survey of Families and Households, we examine whether and how caregiving transitions
affect changes in women’s labor force participation and the implications of this caregiving transitions for their earnings.
We calculate how these effects vary for demographically different groups of women: those older and younger, with and without
high levels of education, and married and not married. Our findings reveal that for most women, the initiation of caregiving
led to a substantial reduction in their weekly hours worked and annual earnings. However, the effects were different for various
subgroups of women: those older, with fewer skills, and more competing roles paid substantial costs if they began caregiving
between 1987 and 1992. 相似文献
12.
13.
Tony Kelso 《Journal of homosexuality》2015,62(8):1058-1097
Many studies have examined representations of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. media. Yet they have centered on portrayals of adults or teenagers. This investigation considered a potential LGBT population that has been neglected in media research, namely gender-variant, preadolescent children. Surveying the U.S. media at large but with an emphasis on television, the article reveals that gender-creative youth are nearly invisible. When depictions of gender-variant kids do appear, they often focus on either children who express extreme gender dysphoria or in some way signify the “tragic queer” motif (or both). The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
14.
15.
16.
Using the New Immigrant Survey Pilot, we compare answers to the census question on year of arrival in the United States with answers to questions about the dates and durations of earlier U.S. trips. We show that the year identified by the census does not correspond to the year of either the first or the last U.S. trip. Because many immigrants enter and leave the United States several times before becoming legal immigrants, the census question produces estimates of U.S. experience that are quite different from those produced by direct questions about trip durations. 相似文献
17.
Jungmin Lee 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(4):855-875
This study estimates the trade-off between child quantity and quality by exploiting exogenous variation in fertility under
son preferences. Under son preferences, both sibling size and fertility timing are determined depending on the first child’s
gender, which is random as long as parents do not abort girls at their first childbearing. For the sample South Korean households,
I find strong evidence of unobserved heterogeneity in preferences for child quantity and quality across households. The trade-off
is not as strong as observed cross-sectional relationships would suggest. However, even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity,
a greater number of siblings have adverse effects on per-child investment in education, in particular, when fertility is high.
相似文献
Jungmin LeeEmail: |
18.
Population change and farm dependence: Temporal and spatial variation in the U.S. great plains, 1900–2000 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White KJ 《Demography》2008,45(2):363-386
I investigate the relationship between county population change and farm dependence in the Great Plains region during the twentieth century, using spatial data analysis techniques. This research is rooted in a long-standing sociological and demographic interest in population responses to economic transitions and informs the theoretical understanding of urbanization processes. Using census and environmental data, the analysis challenges earlier assertions of a simple transition in the relationship between farm dependence and population change that accompanied modern technological advancements, namely tractors (the mechanization thesis). Rather than observing the proposed positive-to-negative shift, study results show a negative association throughout the pre- and post-mechanization periods. Partial support is found if the thesis is revised to consider the relationship between population change and the change in farm dependence rather than the level of farm dependence. Findings show mixed support for an alternative argument that nonfarm industries moderate the influence of farm dependence (the industry complex thesis). In contrast to earlier applications of the thesis, industrial relations in the Great Plains context are characterized by specialization rather than cooperation. 相似文献
19.
Scott Jennifer Hale Joanna Mhairi Padilla Yolanda C. 《Population research and policy review》2021,40(5):861-893
Population Research and Policy Review - An estimated 7.8 million people live and work in the United States without authorized status. We examined the extent to which legal status makes them... 相似文献
20.
Robey B 《Asian and Pacific population forum / East-West Population Institute, East-West Center》1989,3(3):1-8, 27
The 1990 US census is likely to be the most accurate in the nation's history, but it may miss 2 or 3 million people, most of them poor and many of them black or Hispanic. Because the population census is the basis for political apportionment and determines the allocation of a growing share of federal funds to localities and public programs, undercoverage is of great concern to cities, states, and the groups most affected. The statistical methods developed to measure the extent of undercounting in the census have become increasingly reliable, but the official census count has never before been adjusted on the basis of these methods. This article describes plans for the 1990 census and examines a growing controversy over adjustment for an undercount. 相似文献