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1.

Problem

Information that women receive about the importance of monitoring fetal movements and what to do if there are changes is inconsistent and may not be evidence based.

Background

This paper reports a summary of the kind of messages a group of South Australian midwives (n = 72) currently give pregnant women.

Methods

Comment data from two questions in a larger survey asking (1) what information midwives routinely provide to women about fetal movements and (2) their practice regarding advice they give to women reporting reduced fetal movements. Data were analysed using summative content analysis.

Findings

Four main recurring words and phrases were identified. With respect to information midwives give all women about monitoring fetal movements, recurring words were “10”, “normal”, “kick charts” and “when to contact” their care-provider. Recurrent words and phrases arising from answers to the second question about advice midwives give to women reporting reduced fetal movement were “ask questions,” “suggest fluids,” “monitor at home and call back” or “come in for assessment”.

Discussion

These findings suggest that a group of South Australian midwives are providing pregnant women with inconsistent information, often in conflict with best practice evidence.

Conclusion

As giving correct, evidence based information about what to do in the event of an episode of reduced fetal movement may be a matter of life or death for the unborn baby it is important that midwives use existing guidelines in order to deliver consistent information which is based on current evidence to women in their care.  相似文献   

2.

Background

Fetal movement is the most common method to evaluate fetal well-being. Furthermore, maternal perception of decreased fetal movements is associated with perinatal demise. Previously, we showed that perception of decreased fetal movements was the most common reason for mothers visiting the outpatient department among those who had stillbirths in our region. Further investigation of stillbirths with decreased fetal movements is essential to find a possible way of preventing stillbirth.

Aim

To investigate maternal reaction time after their perceiving decreased fetal movements among stillbirths in our region of Japan.

Methods

This is a population-based study of stillbirths in Shiga Prefecture, Japan conducted from 2007 to 2011. We sent a questionnaire to each obstetrician who had submitted the stillbirth certificate. We reviewed and evaluated the questionnaires returned from the obstetricians.

Findings

There were 66 cases (35%) with decreased fetal movements among 188 stillbirths in Shiga during the study period. The number of maternal visits to outpatient department after perception of decreased fetal movements within 24 h was only seven (11%) among 64 stillbirths diagnosed at outpatient department.

Conclusion

We conclude that delayed maternal visit after perceiving decreased fetal movements is frequently observed in stillbirths. Promoting more thorough maternal education on fetal movements, including emphasizing earlier visitation after perceiving decreased fetal movements, may prevent stillbirths.  相似文献   

3.

Background

Pain in childbirth has been identified as one of the major components in the childbirth experience and an important topic that needs to be addressed during pregnancy, birth and the after-birth period.

Aim

The aim of the study was to describe women’s childbirth pain experience and to identify predictors of women’s positive childbirth pain experience.

Method

A population-based cross-sectional cohort study design was implemented, with convenient consecutive sampling, stratified according to residency. Pregnant women were recruited through 26 health care centers. Participants were sent a questionnaire by mail during early pregnancy and another one five to six months after childbirth. A multiple regression analysis was done, with women’s childbirth pain experiences as the dependent variable.

Findings

Altogether 726 women participated in the study, with a response rate of 68%. The strongest predictors for women’s positive childbirth pain experience were positive attitude to childbirth during pregnancy; support from midwife during childbirth; use of epidural analgesia and low intensity of pain in childbirth.

Discussion

The majority of the women in the study experienced childbirth pain as a positive experience, which is in line with studies that have demonstrated that pain in childbirth is different from other kinds of pain. In addition to epidural use as a predictor for positive childbirth pain experience, many other strong predictors exist and must be acknowledged.

Conclusion

When planning pregnancy and childbirth services, predictors of positive experience of childbirth pain should be considered and investigated further.  相似文献   

4.

Background

Decreased fetal movements are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including stillbirth. Delayed maternal visits to a health care provider after perceiving decreased fetal movements are frequently observed in stillbirths. Informing pregnant women of the normal range of fetal movement frequency is essential in their earlier visits in order to prevent stillbirth.

Aim

To investigate the fetal movement frequency in late pregnancy and the effects of associated perinatal factors.

Methods

This prospective multicenter study was conducted in 20 obstetric facilities in our region of Japan. A total of 2337 pregnant women were asked to record the time it took to perceive 10 fetal movements by the modified ‘count to 10’ method every day from 34 weeks of gestation until delivery.

Findings

The 90th percentile of the time for the maternal perception of 10 fetal movements was 18–29 min, with a gradually increasing trend toward the end of pregnancy. The numbers of both pregnant women giving birth after 39 weeks’ gestation and infants with a birth weight exceeding 3000 g were significantly higher in mothers who took ≥30 min to count 10 fetal movements than in those who took <30 min.

Conclusion

The maternal perception time of fetal movements shows a gradually increasing trend within 30 min for 10 fetal movements by the modified ‘count to 10’ method. Informing pregnant women of the normal range of the fetal movement count time will help improve the maternal recognition of decreased fetal movements, which might prevent fetal death in late pregnancy.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Experience of reduced fetal movements is a common reason for consulting health care in late pregnancy. There is an association between reduced fetal movements and stillbirth.

Aim

To explore why women decide to consult health care due to reduced fetal movements at a specific point in time and investigate reasons for delaying a consultation.

Methods

A questionnaire was distributed at all birth clinics in Stockholm during 2014, to women seeking care due to reduced fetal movements. In total, 3555 questionnaires were collected, 960 were included in this study. The open-ended question; “Why, specifically, do you come to the clinic today?” was analyzed using content analysis as well as the complementary question “Are there any reasons why you did not come to the clinic earlier?”

Results

Five categories were revealed: Reaching dead line, Receiving advice from health care professionals, Undergoing unmanageable worry, Contributing external factors and Not wanting to jeopardize the health of the baby. Many women stated that they decided to consult care when some time with reduced fetal movements had passed. The most common reason for not consulting care earlier was that it was a new experience. Some women stated that they did not want to feel that they were annoying, or be perceived as excessively worried. Not wanting to burden health care unnecessarily was a reason for prehospital delay.

Conclusion

Worry about the baby is the crucial reason for consulting care as well as the time which has passed since the women first experienced decreased fetal movements.  相似文献   

6.

Problem

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly commonly diagnosed disability. People with ASD commonly report challenges in social interaction and a heightened sensory perception. These challenges may be particularly difficult for women during pregnancy, birthing and beyond.

Background

Very little is known about the experiences and needs of birthing women who have ASD. There is a large body of literature about women who have autistic children, but almost nothing about women who may have this disability themselves. Internet blogs provide some insights and suggest that birthing women with ASD may have particular challenges related to communication, decision making and sensory overload.

Question

This study explores the particular issues and experiences of birthing women who have ASD, through pregnancy, birth and early mothering.

Method

This qualitative research used a case study approach, with in-depth interviewing and email exchange providing the data for the study. This data was verified, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Findings

The findings of this case study identified three key issues: communication and service difficulties; sensory stress and parenting challenges.

Discussion and conclusion

Findings suggest that women with ASD may face particular challenges during pregnancy, birthing and early mothering. These challenges evolve from perceptions of the woman about her midwives and other caregivers. If a woman perceives that her midwife is judgemental about her, then she may withdraw from the care and support she and her baby need.  相似文献   

7.

Problem

Adolescent mothers and their children are at high-risk for depression and the associated negative educational, social, health, and economic outcomes.

Background

However, few pregnant adolescent women with depression receive psychiatric services, especially low-income or racial/ethnic minority adolescent women.

Aim

This qualitative study explores perceptions of depression, psychiatric services, and barriers to accessing services in a sample of low-income, pregnant racial/ethnic minority adolescent women. Our goal was to better understand the experiences of depression during pregnancy for these vulnerable adolescent women, and thereby improve their engagement and retention in services for perinatal depression.

Methods

We recruited 20 pregnant adolescent women who screened positive for depression from 2 public health prenatal clinics in the southeastern United States. Participants were low-income and primarily racial/ethnic minority women between 14 and 20 years old. Data were collected through individual in-depth, ethnographically informed interviews.

Findings

Generally, participants lacked experience with psychiatric services and did not recognize their symptoms as depression. However, participants perceived a need for mood improvement and were interested in engaging in services that incorporated their perspective and openly addressed stigma.

Discussion

Participants reported practical and psychological barriers to service engagement, but identified few cultural barriers. Family perceptions of psychiatric services served as both a barrier and support.

Conclusion

Adolescent women are more likely to engage in psychiatric services if those services reduce practical and psychological barriers, promise relief from the symptoms perceived as most meaningful, and address underlying causes of depression. Culture may affect Latina adolescent women’s perceptions of depression and services.  相似文献   

8.

Problem

Rates of medical interventions in childbirth have greatly increased in the Western world.

Background

Women’s attitudes affect their birth choices.

Aim

To assess women’s attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth and their associations with women’s background as well as their fear of birth and planned and unplanned modes of birth.

Methods

This longitudinal observational study included 836 parous woman recruited at women’s health centres and natural birth communities in Israel. All women filled in questionnaires about attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth, fear of birth, and planned birth choices. Women at <28 weeks gestation when filling in the questionnaire were asked to fill in a second one at ~34 weeks. Phone follow-up was conducted ~6 weeks postpartum to assess actual mode of birth.

Findings

Attitudes towards medicalization were more positive among younger and less educated women, those who emigrated from the former Soviet Union, and those with a more complicated obstetric background. Baseline attitudes did not differ by parity yet became less positive throughout pregnancy only for primiparae. More positive attitudes were related to greater fear of birth. The attitudes were significantly associated with planned birth choices and predicted emergency caesareans and instrumental births.

Discussion

Women form attitudes towards the medicalization of childbirth which may still be open to change during the first pregnancy. More favourable attitudes are related to more medical modes of birth, planned and unplanned.

Conclusion

Understanding women’s views of childbirth medicalization may be key to understanding their choices and how they affect labour and birth.  相似文献   

9.

Issue

Indigenous women in many countries experience a lack of access to culturally appropriate midwifery services. A number of models of care have been established to provide services to women. Research has examined some services, but there has not been a synthesis of qualitative studies of the models of care to help guide practice development and innovations.

Aim

To undertake a review of qualitative studies of midwifery models of care for Indigenous women and babies evaluating the different types of services available and the experiences of women and midwives.

Methods

A meta-synthesis was undertaken to examine all relevant qualitative studies. The literature search was limited to English-language published literature from 2000–2014. Nine qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria and literature appraisal – six from Australia and three from Canada. These articles were analysed for coding and theme development.

Findings

The major themes were valuing continuity of care, managing structural issues, having negative experiences with mainstream services and recognising success.

Discussion

The most positive experiences for women were found with the services that provided continuity of care, had strong community links and were controlled by Indigenous communities. Overall, the experience of the midwifery services for Indigenous women was valuable. Despite this, there were still barriers preventing the provision of intrapartum midwifery care in remote areas.

Conclusion

The expansion of midwifery models of care for Indigenous women and babies could be beneficial in order to improve cultural safety, experiences and outcomes in relation to pregnancy and birth.  相似文献   

10.

Problem

The persistence of health inequalities in pregnancy and infancy amongst vulnerable/marginalised groups in the UK.

Background

During pregnancy and early motherhood some women experience severe and multiple psychosocial and economic disadvantages that negatively affect their wellbeing and make them at increased risk of poor maternal and infant health outcomes.

Aim

To explore vulnerable/marginalised women’s views and experiences of receiving targeted support from a specialist midwifery service and/or a charity.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was undertaken that involved analysis of routinely collected birth-related/outcome data and interviews with a sample of vulnerable/marginalised women who had/had not received targeted support from a specialist midwifery service and/or a charity. In this paper we present in-depth insights from the 11 women who had received targeted support.

Findings

Four key themes were identified; ‘enabling needs-led care and support’, ‘empowering through knowledge, trust and acceptance’, ‘the value of a supportive presence’ and ‘developing capabilities, motivation and confidence’.

Discussion

Support provided by a specialist midwifery service and/or charity improved the maternity and parenting experiences of vulnerable/marginalised women. This was primarily achieved by developing a provider–woman relationship built on mutual trust and understanding and through which needs-led care and support was provided — leading to improved confidence, skills and capacities for positive parenting and health.

Conclusion

The collaborative, multiagency, targeted intervention provides a useful model for further research and development. It offers a creative, salutogenic and health promoting approach to provide support for the most vulnerable/marginalised women as they make the journey into parenthood.  相似文献   

11.

Problem

It is unknown if client experiences with perinatal healthcare differ between low-risk and high-risk women.

Background

In the Netherlands, risk selection divides pregnant women into low- and high-risk groups. Receiving news that a pregnancy or childbirth has an increased likelihood of complications can cause elevated levels of emotional distress.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to describe client experiences with perinatal healthcare and to determine which, if any, background characteristics, pregnancy circumstances, childbirth or follow-up care characteristics are explaining variables of differences in client experiences between high-risk and low-risk women.

Methods

Client experiences were measured with a validated questionnaire completed by 1388 women within 12 weeks after childbirth.

Findings

Women rated their experiences with perinatal healthcare with a mean score of 3.78 on a scale of 1–4; 5.5% of the women rated their experiences as “notably bad”. Client experiences with perinatal healthcare show small variations, with a lower mean score for women who were at high risk (3.75) compared to low-risk women (3.84). This difference is partially due to more unplanned medical interventions and pain relief during childbirth in the high-risk group. Also, single mothers and non-Dutch women were more susceptible to less positive experiences.

Conclusion

Given the potential negative impact of adverse client experiences, this study highlights the need for healthcare professionals to be aware of what women are susceptible for having had negative experiences. It is advised that healthcare provision be altered to tailor to the needs of these women.  相似文献   

12.
13.

Background

Delayed access to antenatal care in high income countries is associated with poor maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes. The aim was to synthesise the diverse body of evidence around women’s views of early antenatal care and barriers to attendance in such countries. Critical Interpretive Synthesis integrates the process of systematic review with the qualitative methods of meta-ethnography and grounded theory, with a focus on theory generation to inform policy, practice and future research.

Methods

Database searches were conducted, supplemented with reference and citation tracking and website searching between February 2014 and April 2016. Qualitative data analysis methods were used to extract and summarise the key themes from each study. A taxonomy of constructs was created, with the synthesis developed to thread these together. Fifty-four papers were synthesised, including qualitative, quantitative, mixed method and systematic review, published between 1987 and 2016.

Findings

Seventeen constructs around the core concept of ‘acceptance of personal and public pregnancies’ were produced. Acceptance of the ‘personal’ pregnancy considers the contribution of mindset in the recognition and acceptance of pregnancy, influenced by knowledge of pregnancy symptoms, pregnancy planning and desire. Acceptance of the ‘public’ pregnancy considers women’s assessment of the social consequences of pregnancy, and the relevance and priority of antenatal care.

Conclusion

Critical Interpretive Synthesis offers a systematic yet creative approach to the synthesis of diverse evidence. The findings offer new perspectives on women’s perceptions of early pregnancy and attendance for care, which may be used to facilitate timely antenatal provision for all pregnant women.  相似文献   

14.

Background

Opportunities for women and providers to use decision aids and share decisions about birth after caesarean in practice are currently limited in Japan. This is despite known benefits of decision aids to support value-sensitive healthcare decisions.

Aim

To explore Japanese women’s decision making experiences using a decision aid program for birth choices after caesarean.

Methods

A mixed methods study was conducted among 33 consenting pregnant women with previous caesarean in five obstetrics institutions located in the western part of Japan. Outcome measures included change in level of decisional conflict, change in knowledge, and preference for birth method. Semi-structured interviews examined women’s decision making experiences, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Findings

The participants in the program experienced a statistically significant improvement in knowledge and reduction in decisional conflict about birth after caesarean. Four themes were identified in the qualitative data related to decision making: change in women’s knowledge about birth choices, clarifying women’s birth preference, feelings about shared decision making, and contrasting feelings after receiving information.

Discussion

This study confirmed potential benefits of using the decision aid program. However, uncertainty about mode of birth continued for some women immediately prior to the birth. This finding emphasized the need to identify additional ways to support women emotionally throughout the process of decision making about birth after caesarean.

Conclusions

It was feasible to adapt the decision aid for use in clinical practice. Future research is necessary to examine its effectiveness when implemented in Japanese clinical settings.  相似文献   

15.

Background

The 10-item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) is being increasingly used internationally. The use of the measure and the concept has gathered traction in the United States following the development of a US version of the tool. A limitation of previous studies of the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R is modest sample size. Unplanned pregnancy is recognised as being associated with a range of negative birth outcomes, but the relationship to birth satisfaction has received little attention, despite the importance of birth satisfaction to a range of postnatal outcomes.

Aim

The current investigation sought to evaluate the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R in a large postpartum sample.

Methods

Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) was used to evaluate a series of measurement and structural models of the BSS-R to evaluate fundamental invariance characteristics using planned/unplanned pregnancy status to differentiate groups.

Findings

Complete data from N = 2116 women revealed that the US version of the BSS-R offers an excellent fit to data and demonstrates full measurement and structural invariance. Little difference was observed between women on the basis of planned/unplanned pregnancy stratification on measures of birth satisfaction.

Discussion

The established relationship between unplanned pregnancy and negative perinatal outcomes was not found to extend to birth satisfaction in the current study. The BSS-R demonstrated exemplary measurement and structural invariance characteristics.

Conclusion

The current study strongly supports the use of the US version of the BSS-R to compare birth satisfaction across different groups of women with theoretical and measurement confidence.  相似文献   

16.
It’s more than just luck: A qualitative exploration of breastfeeding in rural Australia

Problem

Despite significant public health benefits, breastfeeding for six months continues to be challenging for women.

Background

In the Mid North of South Australia, healthcare professionals were concerned that breastfeeding rates were lower than the national average and that a collaborative approach was needed to promote breastfeeding.

Aim

To explore the experiences of women and health professional in the Mid North, to inform interventions to improve breastfeeding longevity.

Method

Two focus groups were conducted to examine breastfeeding experience in the region. Focus group one included nine mothers who had breastfed more than six months and focus group two consisted of ten health professionals from the Mid North. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Findings

Two overarching themes were identified; ‘breastfeeding: It’s more than just luck’ represented the voices of the mothers and ‘breastfeeding: It’s everybody’s business’ captured the discussion between the health professionals. Women described themselves as lucky while acknowledging that their own persistence, as well as positive support was vital. Health professionals identified education and support as key foci, and a need for a holistic approach to improve breastfeeding rates.

Discussion

Breastfeeding should be understood as a relationship, in which broadly applied solutions do not necessarily influence longevity, particularly in rural communities. Strategies should also reflect a realistic picture of breastfeeding and safeguard against idealistic expectation of the experience.

Conclusion

A holistic approach to improve breastfeeding rates is imperative. One of the most promising antidotes to the breastfeeding dilemma is the provision of midwifery continuity of care.  相似文献   

17.

Problem

There is increasing demand for capacity building among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) maternal and infant health workforce to improve health outcomes for mothers and babies; yet few studies describe the steps taken to mentor novice Indigenous researchers to contribute to creating a quality evidence-base in this space.

Background

The Indigenous Birthing in an Urban Setting study is a partnership project aimed at improving maternity services for Indigenous families in South East Queensland.

Aim

To describe our experience setting up a Participatory Action Research team to mentor two young Indigenous women as research assistants on the Indigenous Birthing in an Urban Setting study.

Methods

Case study reflecting on the first six months.

Findings

Participatory Action Research was a very effective method to actively mentor and engage all team members in reflective, collaborative research practice, resulting in positive changes for the maternity care service. The research assistants describe learning to conduct interviews and infant assessments, as well as gaining confidence to build rapport with families in the study. Reflecting on the stories shared by the women participating in the study has opened up a whole new world and interest in studying midwifery and child health after learning the difficulties and strengths of families during pregnancy and beyond.

Discussion

We encourage others to use Participatory Action Research to enable capacity building in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander midwifery workforce and in health research more broadly.  相似文献   

18.
19.

Background

The prevalence of fear of birth has been estimated between 8–30%, but there is considerable heterogeneity in research design, definitions, measurement tools used and populations. There are some inconclusive findings about the stability of childbirth fear.

Aim

to assess the prevalence and characteristics of women presenting with scores ≥60 on FOBS-The Fear of Birth Scale, in mid and late pregnancy, and to study change in fear of birth and associated factors.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal cohort study of a one-year cohort of 1212 pregnant women from a northern part of Sweden, recruited in mid pregnancy and followed up in late pregnancy. Fear of birth was assessed using FOBS-The fear of birth scale, with the cut off at ≥60.

Findings

The prevalence of fear of birth was 22% in mid pregnancy and 19% in late pregnancy, a statistically significant decrease. Different patterns were found where some women presented with increased fear and some with decreased fear. The women who experienced more fear or less fear later in pregnancy could not be differentiated by background factors.

Conclusions

More research is needed to explore factors important to reduce fear of childbirth and the optimal time to measure it.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Maternity care is facing increasing intervention and iatrogenic morbidity rates. This can be attributed, in part, to higher-risk maternity populations, but also to a risk culture in which birth is increasingly seen as abnormal. Technology and intervention are used to prevent perceived implication in adverse outcomes and litigation.

Question

Does midwives’ and obstetricians’ perception of risk affect care practices for normal birth and low-risk women in labour, taking into account different settings?

Methods

The research methods are developed within a qualitative framework. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. A purposive sample of 25 midwives and obstetricians were recruited from three maternity settings in Ireland. This included obstetric-led hospitals, an alongside midwifery-led unit and the community.

Findings

Midwifery is assuming a peripheral position with regard to normal birth as a progressive culture of risk and medicalisation affects the provision of maternity care. This is revealed in four themes; (1) professional autonomy and hierarchy in maternity care; (2) midwifery-led care as an undervalued and unsupported aspiration; (3) a shift in focus from striving for normality to risk management; and (4) viewing pregnancy through a ‘risk-lens’.

Discussion

Factors connected to the increased medicalisation of birth contribute to the lack of midwifery responsibility for low-risk women and normal birth. Midwives are resigned to the current situation and as a profession are reluctant to take action.

Conclusion

Improved models of care, distinct from medical jurisdiction, are required. Midwives must take responsibility for leading change as their professional identity is in jeopardy.  相似文献   

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