Estimation of Short-Run and Long-Run Elasticities of Energy Demand From Panel Data Using Shrinkage Estimators

This article discusses the problem of obtaining short-run and long-run elasticities of energy demand for each of 49 states in the United States using data for 21 years. Estimation using the time series data by each state gave several wrong signs for the coefficients. Estimation using pooled data was not valid because the hypothesis of homogeneity of the coefficients was rejected. Shrinkage estimators gave more reasonable results. The article presents in a unified framework the classical, empirical Bayes, and Bayes approaches for deriving these estimators.     

The Effects of Price Aggregation Bias in Systems of Demand Equations

This article illustrates the importance of maintaining consistent levels of aggregation between prices and quantities when estimating consumer demand functions. The impact of violating this condition is quantified by using summary performance measures and estimates of demand elasticity biases. Results derived from an application of 1972–1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey data and supported with a quasi-Monte Carlo experiment consistently indicate that the point estimates of demand elasticities are significantly biased. Thus the study indicates the importance of developing and maintaining price indexes disaggregated to the same level as the expenditure data in consumer expenditure and budget surveys.     

Disaggregate-level estimates of indebtedness in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India: an application of small-area estimation technique

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) surveys are the main source of official statistics in India, and generate a range of invaluable data at the macro level (e.g. state and national levels). However, the NSSO data cannot be used directly to produce reliable estimates at the micro level (e.g. district or further disaggregate level) due to small sample sizes. There is a rapidly growing demand of such micro-level statistics in India, as the country is moving from centralized to more decentralized planning system. In this article, we employ small-area estimation (SAE) techniques to derive model-based estimates of the proportion of indebted households at district or at other small-area levels in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India by linking data from the Debt–Investment Survey 2002–2003 of NSSO and the Population Census 2001 and the Agriculture Census 2003. Our results show that the model-based estimates are precise and representative. For many small areas, it is even not possible to produce estimates using sample data alone. The model-based estimates generated using SAE are still reliable for such areas. The estimates are expected to provide invaluable information to policy analysts and decision-makers.     

中国能源需求影响因素的研究

基于中国1990—2007年的经济数据，通过分析影响能源需求的经济因素，利用通径分析法测算出各相关经济因素与能源需求的直接、间接关系及总影响程度，分析各因素对能源需求的影响路径，并根据测算结果提出相应的对策。     

中国制造业能源效率的影响因素：经济周期和重化工工业化

本文分析了2002——2007年中国制造业27个行业的面能源效率,研究发现,价格调节能源需求的能力小于收入调节能源需求的能力,以经济快速扩张为特征的经济周期以及其中的重化工工业的快速发展是影响这个时期的能源效率下降的重要因素。因此,要提高能源利用效率,需要根据制造业的行业特征,分类管理能源需求。对于低能耗行业,依靠能源市场价格调节这些行业的能源需求来提高能源效率,作用较小,这就需要政府制定行业节能标准,鼓励节能设备投资。对于高能耗行业,在继续运用能源市场价格调节能源需求外,还要控制这些行业的发展规模。     

产业结构对能源消费的影响及实证分析：基于面板数据模型

国民经济的不同部门具有不同的经济特征,对各种生产要素的需求必然不同,对能源的需求和不同能源品种的需求必然存在差异。为深入了解中国能源消费状况,探讨六大产业部门也即六大能源终端使用部门的能源消费特征,分别建立能源消费总量（EC）、煤炭（EC1）、石油（EC2）、电力（EC3）、天然气（EC4）的面板数据模型。     

Environment

Abstract

This study surveys the development of collections of foreign-language ethnic newspapers in American libraries and archives since the 1960s. Relying on a review of historical and media studies scholarship as well as library and archival science literature, the article aims to identify the main sources of non-English ethnic newspapers available in the United States and to examine the difficulties such newspapers present for libraries, from older print publications to today’s born-digital media, regarding collection development, bibliographic control, and preservation. After a brief historical survey of the foreign-language ethnic press in the United States, the article analyzes the development of library collections since the 1960s as well as libraries’ efforts to preserve them and improve access to them. It then evaluates the state of digitization and online availability of foreign-language ethnic newspapers and initiates a reflection on the need to collect current print and digital ethnic newspapers.     

Estimation of Technical Efficiency Using Flexible Functional Form and Panel Data

This article presents an econometric model capable of accommodating a nonradial measure of input-specific technical inefficiency and suggests an estimation technique that reduces dependency on distributional assumptions on inefficiency. It also makes use of the demand system derived from a flexible cost function and imposes concavity restrictions as required by economic theory. Panel data on 12 Finnish foundry plants are used to estimate technical efficiency of labor and energy for each of these plants.     

中国能源需求的经济计量分析

一、引言世纪之交 ,中国已实现了现代化建设的前两步战略目标。从新世纪开始 ,中国将努力实现第三步战略目标 ,2 0 10年的ＧＤＰ比 2 0 0 0年翻一番。但实践表明 :能源短缺是经济发展的主要障碍之一。基于能源在国民经济中的重要地位 ,中国政府对诸如能源等基础设施建设始终予以高度重视。在学术研究方面 ,文献 [1]总结了经济学家给出的 2 0 0 0年中国能源需求预测的 7种结果 :最小的是13 9亿吨标准煤 ,最大的是 2 4亿吨标准煤。这些研究主要使用两类方法 :密度分析和回归分析。但几种使用密度法的预测结果都高估了 80年代初期的能源需求水…     

中国房地产市场有效供求失衡分析：1987-2004

一、引言如何实现房地产市场有效供求均衡,维持房价稳定长期以来都是全社会所关注的热点问题。目前,我国房地产市场尚存在总量投资过度与结构性投资不足共存等多种矛盾,一方面导致了房价普遍大幅上涨,商品房空置面积不断扩大;而另一方面制约了众多潜在消费者有效需求的自由释放     

Fitting disposition codes to mobile phone surveys: experiences from studies in Finland, Slovenia and the USA

Summary.  Using mobile phones to conduct survey interviews has gathered momentum recently. However, using mobile telephones in surveys poses many new challenges. One important challenge involves properly classifying final case dispositions to understand response rates and non-response error and to implement responsive survey designs. Both purposes demand accurate assessments of the outcomes of individual call attempts. By looking at actual practices across three countries, we suggest how the disposition codes of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, which have been developed for telephone surveys, can be modified to fit mobile phones. Adding an international dimension to these standard definitions will improve survey methods by making systematic comparisons across different contexts possible.     

Two-Stage Budgeting and Exact Aggregation

This paper presents an econometric model of demand for energy based on two-stage budgeting. The model provides own-price and cross-price elasticities of demand for energy and nonenergy commodities for the United States. These elasticities are estimated separately for households classified by family size, age of head, region, race, and urban versus rural residence. Price elasticities are presented conditional on total energy expenditure and total expenditure on all commodities. The model combines individual cross-section data with aggregate time series data and is based on exact aggregation over individual demand functions.     

Privacy protection measures for randomized response surveys on stigmatizing continuous variables

We consider the situation where sample surveys are to be undertaken on sensitive or stigmatizing issues. For such surveys, direct questioning methods usually lead to non-compliance or incorrect responses and so, the randomized response technique, where the responses are collected through some randomization device, is found to be useful. A majority of the literature on these techniques focus on dichotomous sensitive variables, while some techniques are also available for continuous sensitive variables. In this article, we focus on the extent of privacy protection available in sample surveys to respondents for continuous response variables. We also propose two measures of privacy protection. We demonstrate that the parameters of our randomization scheme can be so chosen as to achieve a pre-assigned level of privacy protection while at the same time yielding efficient estimates. We also show some numerical comparisons.     

Estimation of Mode Using Two-phase Sampling

In this article, we consider the problem of estimation of mode using two-phase sampling. Ratio- and difference-type estimators in two-phase sampling are proposed. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are studied analytically as well as empirically for different situations for the given cost of surveys. The use of two-phase sampling has been found to be cost saving design while estimating mode by making a proper use of auxiliary information.     

Statistical data integration using multilevel models to predict employee compensation

This article considers the case where two surveys collect data on a common variable, with one survey being much smaller than the other. The smaller survey collects data on an additional variable of interest, related to the common variable collected in the two surveys, and out-of-scope with respect to the larger survey. Estimation of the two related variables is of interest at domains defined at a granular level. We propose a multilevel model for integrating data from the two surveys, by reconciling survey estimates available for the common variable, accounting for the relationship between the two variables, and expanding estimation for the other variable, for all the domains of interest. The model is specified as a hierarchical Bayes model for domain-level survey data, and posterior distributions are constructed for the two variables of interest. A synthetic estimation approach is considered as an alternative to the hierarchical modelling approach. The methodology is applied to wage and benefits estimation using data from the National Compensation Survey and the Occupational Employment Statistics Survey, available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, United States.     

粮食主产区农村居民食物消费行为的计量分析

“民以食为天”,食物消费是人类生存和发展首要的物质基础。农村居民的食物消费水平是决定农村居民身体健康的物质基础,是农村居民生活水平的重要标志。研究和掌握食物消费结构特征,有利于农业产业结构调整和制定正确的农业产业政策,从而促进农民增收,实现农业的可持续发展。粮食主产区的粮食产量占全国粮食总产量的60%以上,对中国的粮食供给和安全具有举足轻重的作用,增加主产区农民收入有利于提高农民种粮食积极性,保证中国的粮食供给和粮食安全。为此,借助几乎理想的需求系统模型(Almost Ideal Demand System,简称AIDS),建立联立方程…     

广东省最终需求结构变动对能源消耗强度的影响

在输入内生的条件下，构造最终需求产品结构的能源消耗强度因素模型，进而实证分析广东省最终需求结构变动对能源消耗强度的影响。分析表明，消费结构因素、最终需求项目结构因素影响能源消耗强度作用不太明显，资本形成结构因素、输出结构因素影响能源消耗强度作用非常明显，提高输出比例和降低资本形成比例都有助于降低广东省能源消耗强度。预测表明，随着广东省最终需求结构的变动，广东省2010年按不变价计算的能源消耗强度有一定程度下降，但“十一五”时期要实现2010年能源强度比2005年下降20％左右的目标，仅依靠结构因素还达不到，还要从技术方面努力。     

中国能源需求结构预测分析

随着中国经济发展方式的不断转变,能源需求结构将不断变化。依据历史数据和能源发展规划数据,分别对能源需求结构进行预测。结果表明：到2040年可再生能源需求所占能源需求总量的比重分别为14.92%和26.3%。同中国面临的各种挑战和压力相比,26.3%的可再生能源需求比重仍然偏低,应该进一步提高能源发展战略目标,加快可再生能源的开发利用。     

中国能源供求状况及前景分析

能源是一个国家经济增长和社会发展的重要基础。随着国际油价的高位波动,全球的能源供求形势和能源安全问题变得格外引人注目。中国正处在快速工业化和城市化的重要发展时期,能源消费快速增长,能源供需不平衡的状况日渐突出。本文利用第一次全国经济普查资料,在对我国能源供求状况进行初步分析的基础上,对"十一五"时期及2020年我国能源供需前景进行了预测和分析,并对如何缓解我国能源矛盾提出了相应的政策建议。