The Communist Activities of the First International and the Logic of Socialist Party Politics

Against the backdrop of the 19^th century, the First International, guided by Marxism, emerged in the form of the early “International Socialist Federation.” It viewed the seizure of power as the great mission of the proletariat, actively struggled against bourgeois regimes, strongly responded to the call of times for the theoretical self-consciousness and organized struggle of the proletariat, and exerted a profound historical influence on the stirring inauguration and nationally oriented development of the international Communist movement of the 20^th century. From the socialist party political perspective, the First International, once the Communist League, had raised the curtain on socialist party politics, changed the political mode of capitalist party politics’ exclusive world domination through the interactive development of new organizational forms, theoretical viewpoints and political practice. It thus left an abundant historical legacy in terms of ideological creation and practical innovation for the subsequent Second International, the Communist International and the emergence and development of socialist party politics within nation-states. Although its socialist party political practice had an obvious “regional,” “preliminary” and “tentative” nature, the First International had foundation-laying significance and pioneering value for the development of socialist party politics, whether in terms of organizational vehicles, value orientation and activity content, or in terms of ideological guidance, practical patterns and strategic principles.     

Changes of Electoral Politics under the Growing Wealth Gap in East Asia since the Global Financial Crisis: South Korea and China’s Taiwan in Comparison

Abstract

The economic recession caused by the global financial crisis of 2008 affected political change across the world in different ways. Economic and social problems turned into political crises in North Africa. In Europe and America, dissatisfaction over such problems caused social unrest but did not imperil the political order. In East Asia, where competitive party politics have just emerged, the financial crisis sparked a correlative political and economic reaction model involving economic recession—growing wealth gap—public policy transition in electoral politics. Major electoral campaigns over the past five years in China’s Taiwan, the Republic of Korea and other economies in East Asia indicate that prioritizing economic growth and equitable distribution are emerging to be common core issues in different parties’ electoral competition despite remnant historical questions and highly politicized issues. The new electoral politics based on public policy competition has gained greater space for development against the background of an economic recession and a growing wealth gap, and is exerting a profound influence on the political and economic development process in East Asia.     

国际气候合作何以可能——民族国家理论的局限与天下理论的建构

气候变化正成为威胁人类生存的紧迫问题,但人类寻求国际气候合作的进程却如履薄冰。当下国际气候合作之所以出现困境,源自于民族国家关注视域局限于特定的民族或国家利益,与气候变化问题的全球性相冲突;民族国家倾向于采取冲突或战争而不是合作的方式来处理国际关系,不能充分保足国际气候合作的成功性。中国传统的“天下”观念以人类利益作为价值关怀,秉持“和为贵”的理念,因而成为可资借鉴的理论资源。天下理论通过对传统“天下”观念进行“创造型转化”,超越现有的民族国家理论,构建出规约国际气候合作的天下理论框架：以民族国家的政治格局为前提、以人类普遍利益作为思考尺度以及寻求“和为贵”的政治思维方式。     

Expounding Neo-Confucianism： Choice of Tradition at a Time of Dynastic Change--Cultural Conflict and the Social Reconstruction of Early Qing

明清鼎革之际,满汉之间政治体制、统治方式、生活方式和经济生活组织方式的矛盾和冲突,构成了满汉文化冲突的主要内容,加剧了顺治和康熙初年的社会矛盾。面对激烈的满汉文化冲突,清初理学既不批判现实,也不反传统,而是致力于社会重建,力图通过合法的渠道,按照儒家的正统模式,重建中国社会伦理道德秩序,并借机恢复自己在意识形态中的独尊地位。在以熊赐履为代表的一批理学名臣真正将理学推向朝廷之后,理学在清朝政治中的影响随之急剧扩大,以理学为代表的儒家思想逐渐成为清朝政权的指导思想,成为清朝社会中占统治地位的官方意识形态,从根本上解决了清初社会政治演变方向问题。在此过程中,清朝政治逐渐完成了从满洲传统政治向中原政治的历史性转型,而皇帝转向儒学,为清朝内部持续数十年的文化纷争画上了圆满的句号,使满汉间全方位的深层次的民族融合成为可能。与之相应,遗民政治态度从复明到重建的改变,则是清初中国社会由乱到治的标志性政治和文化现象。     

经济全球化与中国政治发展战略目标

经济全球化条件下的中国政治发展战略目标,是指在经济全球化的时代背景下,中国政治发展使中国政治本身呈现何种状态,发展到什么样的水平和境界。这样的战略目标既要适应人类社会政治发展的历史潮流,体现政治发展的本质特征,又要从中国的实际出发。在经济全球化条件下,中国政治发展的战略目标是:政治民主化、政治法治化、政治稳定化和政治意识的核心价值体系的建构。     

战略边疆与中国和平发展

战略边疆指的是一国影响力所能实际控制的战略空间。在国际政治中,战略边疆具有特殊的效能,例如维护国家战略通道安全、拓展国家海外利益等。本文认为,中国在和平发展的历史进程中,也应该高举发展、和平、合作的旗帜,依据国家实力、利益分布等因素构造自己的战略边疆。     

“九·一八”后舆论空间与集权政治的关系（1931-1935）—以《独立评论》与《时代公论》为中心

“九·一八”后,为应对国难,舆论界出现了评议时政的热潮。他们以某一刊物为聚集地,形成了宽泛的舆论空间。在众多新创刊物中,以《独立评论》与《时代公论》为典型代表。舆论界尽管有着强烈的民主宪政的呼声,但随着时局的发展,对领袖权威的推崇逐渐达成了共识,赞成建立强力政府,主张实行集权政治。1935年,军事权威蒋介石兼任行政院院长,集权政治形成。然而,舆论空间与集权政治存在着一个二律背反的矛盾。如何保持一个自由的舆论空间,加强舆论对政府监督,是国民政府一直未能解决的难题。     

Party Politics in Socialist Countries: One Hundred Years of Exploration

Over the long history of political civilization, the 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries has emerged as a new form of politics. Exploration of the last 100 years of the party politics of socialist countries deals with the self-governance and national governance of Marxist ruling parties. It reflects intraparty relationships, interparty relationships, relationships between party and government and relationships between party and society, as well as foreign relations, and spans three historical periods, comprising the first establishment of party politics in Soviet Russia; the adoption of party rule in other countries, with concomitant setbacks; and the achievement by China, Vietnam and other countries of party political innovation and development. A review of the experience of the past hundred years shows that success in making party politics the basic system in socialist countries and in tapping its full potential is attributable to the efforts made by Marxist ruling parties to undertake fruitful theoretical reflection and grasp values, adhere to the truth and correct mistakes on the basis of exceptional strategic confidence and policy commitment, while constantly opening up new stages of theoretical understanding and practical development. The party politics of socialist countries in the 21st century drives their modernization and cultivates and improves their practice. The union of the two in the magnificent historical process of the sustainable development of socialist institutional civilization will have major and far-reaching significance for building a brighter future for humanity.     

National Identity in the Era of Globalization: Crisis and Reconstruction

The era of globalization is posing a variety of challenges to national identity. In order to meet these challenges, it is important to offer theoretical scientific interpretations of them. A scrutiny of national identity as a concept reveals that national identity is actually a “four in one” combination of institutional identity, interest identity, cultural identity and non-national community identity, with formative mechanisms characterized the unity of the primordial state and the constructive, expressive forms characterized by the unity of consciousness and action, content characterized by the unity of politics and culture, and maintenance mechanisms characterized by the unity of emotion and self-interest. In the global age, national identity crisis usually arises in political, economic and cultural levels. The root cause for national identity crisis lies in the ineffectiveness of nation states’ self-governance. In order to promote the construction of national identity in the global age, we need to: (1) promote reform of the political system, explore democratic models of governance, and create the institutional preconditions for national identity; (2) promote economic development, ensure fairness and justice, and guarantee interests in national identity; (3) develop national culture, strengthen value integration and enrich the cultural significance of national identity; and (4) recognize different levels of community development and promote community integration in national identity.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE COURSE OF GLOBALIZATION National Identity in the Era of Globalization： Crisis and Reconstruction

全球化时代的到来,对国家认同产生了诸多的挑战。要应对这一挑战,需要我们从理论的层面加以科学阐释。考察国家认同的概念可以看到,国家认同实质上是包含制度、利益、文化、非国家共同体认同的“四位一体”,其基本特征包含生成机制的原生性和构建性、表现形式的意识性和行动性、内容体系的政治性和行动性、维持机制的情感性和利益性,以及发展状态的稳定性和发展性。全球化时代国家认同危机包含着政治、经济、文化三个层面,民族国家认同危机产生的根源是国家治理的失效。要在全球化背景下推动国家认同的构建,着力点在于：推动政治体制改革,探索治理民主模式,构建国家认同的制度性前提;促进经济发展,维护公平正义,构建国家认同的利益性保障;发展民族文化,加强价值整合,丰富国家认同的文化内涵;正视不同层次共同体的发展,促进国家认同的共同体整合。     

Social Politics and Policy in an Era of Globalization: Critical Reflections

This paper critically examines the ways in which social policy is said to be affected by globalization. The prevailing approach has been framed in terms of the impact of "external" economic forces on national welfare states. Globalization is said to undermine the economic and political conditions on which welfare states were built, erode national policy autonomy and force the marketization and residualization of welfare states. These predictions are found wanting on the grounds that they share many of the assumptions, and therefore also the faults, of "strong" globalization theory. A more nuanced account of the way in which social politics and social policy are affected by globalization is needed and a global governance perspective is outlined. This, it is argued, better captures the political and institutional environment in which social policy is formulated and implemented. It also recognizes the importance of "local" factors and their interaction with global ones in shaping political responses, including social policy, to globalization. The discussion highlights the enduring power of "local" forces—those which are at the level of and internal to states—and of politics and ideology in shaping the process of globalization and ultimately its implications for welfare states and social policies.     

Russia

The author clarifies the concept of "historical politics"; compares its practice in Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, and (over the last two to three years) Russia; and considers its harmful consequences for both international relations and domestic political pluralism.     

论政治冲突

政治冲突是重要的政治现象 ,也是政治学的基础范畴。在政治冲突发展的历史与逻辑相一致的理论框架下 ,政治冲突表现为政治分歧、政治不合作、政治对立、政治竞争。政治冲突的类型有 :政治机构冲突、政治领导集团内部冲突、政党冲突、利益集团冲突、公民冲突、政治权力冲突、政治参与冲突、政治发展冲突。     

论中国先进生产力和先进文化的世界历史性

从先进生产力“世界历史性”的一般逻辑规定性、先进生产力的同构性、中国社会内部先进生产力与落后生产力的关系的角度阐释中国先进生产力的世界历史性问题 ,并进而从“世界普遍交往”、中国先进文化的构成和发展规律的角度探讨中国先进文化的世界历史性问题 ,是当前全面、深入地认识和把握“三个代表”思想的一个关键性环节。     

邓小平与当代中国知识分子社会属性的认识研究

建国以来的国家经济政治发展的曲折历史证明,知识分子社会属性的认识是关系国家盛衰的重大问题。邓小平总结了建国以来的经验教训,继承发展了马克思主义关于资本主义社会脑力劳动者的思想,提出了知识分子的阶级属性是工人阶级;在政治地位上知识分子是科学技术第一生产力的先进开拓者,担负着重大的历史责任;知识分子的绝大部分世界现是无产阶级的世界观,其世界观改造的性质同工人阶级和劳动人民内部的自我教育和自我改造是基本相同的;在政治上对知识分子要求要适当,不能苛求。     

党的领导:法治建设的核心要素

顺应政党政治法治化的历史发展潮流,中国共产党从根本上转变了领导方式和执政方式,将"依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家"确立为基本的治国方略和目标.推进依法治国进程,是一个庞大的系统工程,必须要以党的领导为核心,依靠党的坚强、正确的领导,这是由中国人民革命的历史,中国共产党自身的政治优势以及我国实现法治的基本的前提、方式和任务所决定的.     

美国文官"政治中立"问题的历史考察

本文运用历史学与政治学相结合的研究方法,讨论与研究美国文官"政治中立"的问题。通过对这一问题的讨论与研究,不仅有助于从政治学的角度来认识政府的政治与行政功能及它们的相互联系与区别,而且有助于从历史学的角度来梳理这一问题的历史线索及其未来走势,进而对我国的政府体制建设提供理论借鉴。     

政治发展还是“政治退却”——新中国政治发展战略退却思问

政治发展是不同类型国家都面临的问题。我国政治发展目标是人民民主。与改革开放三十年的辉煌成就相比,中国政治发展在实践和理论层面上都存在一定滞后性,这需要从新中国60年的发展历程中进行反思。与中国改革开放之前的“政治战略进攻”相比较,用“政治发展战略退却”来描述当今更为合适。政治战略进攻,脱离了中国社会历史现实和国情,是一种超越现实的、罗曼蒂克式的政治发展;从浪漫主义的政治发展经过改革、退却到不合格的不完全的社会主义政治,是一种趋向于现实主义的政治发展;从多元政治主体关系中谋求以社会主义政治为主导和定向的政治变迁,是一种理想主义与现实主义相结合的和合主义的中国式的政治发展战略。     

论中国社会发展的特殊道路 --中西文化比较分析

同许多西方国家相比,中国的农业社会及其向工业社会转化过程中,有着自己特殊的发展道路,这主要是中国特殊的历史文化传统造成的.中国有着特殊的社会经济结构与经济模式,特殊的国家政治体制与政治规范,特殊的思想意识形态和民族精神.中国的这种特殊的发展道路也决定了我国必须选择一条不同于西方的、有中国特色的现代化道路和现代化模式.     

汉代《老子》政治观的黄老色彩（二）——以《老子河上公注》为中心

和《老子指归》一样,《老子河上公注》也是现存汉代最重要和对后代影响最大的老子注本之一。从老学史的角度看,《老子河上公注》无论是宇宙观还是养生观和政治观,都反映了鲜明的汉代黄老思想的特点,体现了老学发展的时代特征。具体到政治观上,则主要体现在作品以君主为说教对象,提出明理身理国之道以及因循无为的主张等方面。