Family planning programs and fertility decline

A recently completed World Bank statistical study of family planning in 63 developing countries indicated that countries which experienced a large decline in birth rates between 1960-1977 were more likely to have a family planning program, an official population policy aimed at decreasing the birth rate, and a relatively high level of development than countries which experienced smaller or no decline in birth rates. The 65 countries represented 95% of the population of the developing world. Birth rate declines of 10% or more between 1960-1977 were experienced by: 1) 10 of the 26 countries which had a family planning program and a policy aimed at reducing the birth rate; 2) 6 of the 19 countries which had a family planning program but lacked clearly defined population objectives; and 3) 2 of the 18 countries without any population policy or program. Furthermore, the implementation of a family planning program and the adoption of a population policy were directly related to the development level of the country. This finding suggested that countries need to reach a certain level of development before they have the capacity to develop population programs and policies. When a country is sufficiently advanced to collect population data, awareness of population problems increases and they are more likely to adopt a population policy. In addition, government efficiency increases as development proceeds and governments must have a certain level of efficiency before they can implement effective programs.     

Sociology in Russia

Attempts to shape an integral sociological vision of social relations began in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century. The initial task was philosophical and political in character: to interpret the historical prospects for the country's development. To what extent would Russia follow the paths trodden by Western countries (which a certain segment of the intelligentsia believed were more civilized and more normal), and to what extent would it preserve its own originality and uniqueness? Two currents of social thought, the "Westernizers" and the "Slavophiles," argued this question. During the polemics between them, a number of questions emerged that continue to be raised in contemporary journalism and political discussions.     

Bucharest: poverty or population?

The controversy that occurred in Bucharest over the World Population Plan of Action had not been totally anticipated. Prior to the Conference, there appeared to be a general consensus that population growth was the crucial issue although it was recognized that population growth had to be considered in the context of socioeconomic and cultural development. What developed at Bucharest was a clear division between the developed countries who favored population control and implementation of family planning programs by 1986 and the developing countries who rejected the idea of population control unless it was associated with the redistribution of world resources. The reality of people having large families because they are poor cannot be denied, but, simultaneously, the problem of increasing numbers and their impact on the quality of life, nutrition, housing, education, and employment must be faced. Since affluent countries cannot be relied upon concerning the redistribution of their wealth, developing countries can bring about some change by redistributing the wealth within their countries. Adult literacy programs have been identified as a means to promote socioeconomic development, but these programs will only prove successful if they involve the adults in the process of learning by means of problem solving and cause them to reflect on their socioeconomic situation with the result of reinvolving themselves in society in order to change it.     

The Social Development Summit and the developing countries

This article discusses some concerns of the 1996 UN Summit on Social Development. Conference organizers identified the three key conference issues as poverty alleviation, social integration of the marginalized and disadvantaged, and expansion of productive employment. The goal of a "society for all" means dealing with the increasing differences between rich and poor countries, the survival of weaker economies in a competitive market system, wide variations in consumption patterns between countries, attainment of political stability while respecting ethnic identity, the rise in social problems among countries with a high human development index, and increasing joblessness. The Human Development Report for 1994 emphasizes human security. Social development is not the equivalent of human resource development nor a side issue of economic growth. The integration of ethnic groups poses social and political problems. There remains a question about what political system and culture would be best for social integration. Developed countries define poverty as the inability of people and government to provide resources and necessary services for people's productive activity. Poverty in developing countries is blamed on colonialism. Globally, developed countries control 71% of world trade. Sharing resources to meet basic needs throughout the world is not an operational ideal. The highest 20% of income earners receive 83% of the world income. The culture of poverty is the strategy used by the poor to survive. Welfare is not an end in itself but does enable the poor to improve their conditions. Development that focuses on productive employment is uncertain. Developed and developing countries do not share similar perceptions of human rights. There is a question as to who should set the priorities for social development. Sustainable social development is related to preservation of natural resources, control of population growth, and promotion of social security.     

"政治全球化"辨析

对"政治全球化"的意义和作用应做客观的、具体的分析,决不能估计过高.首先,国际组织和国际协调力量的发展将继续呈现复杂曲折、一波三折的态势.其次,至少在可以预见到的将来,国家仍将是"政治全球化"的根基和"政治全球化"发展过程的最终决定因素.最后,广义的意识形态的冲突和矛盾仍将是国际政治生活的一条主线.     

Patterns of program development in family planning

The author urges the contribution of the field of social work to the development of family planning services. She believes that the new legislation will make it clear that Congress wants family planning services to be developed and wants Federal funds used to help with this development. Social services to pregnant women may well be the best source of highlighting the potential significance of family planning services as a vehicle for social work intervention. This intervention must involve participation in the planning of programs from the earliest possible stage to include the total design of the service. Constant attention to the social problems which interfere with effective use of family planning services, and the indications for social service intervention is needed. Ideally, family planning services should be a part of the maternal and child health programs.     

"法制不统一国家法律的适用"的立法设计与论证

法院在审理涉外民事案件时,经常会面临法制不统一国家法律的适用问题.在这方面,我国立法无明确规定,存在立法上的空白.为配合我国正在进行"涉外民事关系的法律适用法"的立法,文章对其中的"法制不统一国家法律的适用"条文进行了设计,并从立法和实践的角度,对"法制不统一国家"的内涵、法制不统一国家法律的适用方法等问题作了说明和论证.     

赋权:企业女性员工协助方案的核心

富士康自杀事件使人们更加关注企业员工的生存状态,增强了人们对陷于困境的企业员工给予援助的必要性的理解.陷入困境的企业女性员工是企业员工中的弱势群体,需要援助,需要针对女性员工实施特别的协助方案.为更好地实施女性员工协助方案,需要以赋权为视角.因为个人赋权有利于女性员工提升自身潜能,社会赋权则有利于女性员工充分利用社会资...     

金融发展理论的渊源与发展概述

货币金融与经济发展的关系,历来受到经济学家的关注。随着经济学家对这一问题认识的不断深入,货币在经济发展中的角色经历了从"面纱"到"引擎"的转换,由此孕育出了金融发展理论。金融发展理论是研究发展中国家金融发展与经济发展关系的理论,其实质是强调货币金融因素在经济发展过程中的重要性。从这一意义上说,历代经济学家有关货币因素对经济发展重要性的理论阐述可谓是金融发展理论的思想渊源。     

Does Environmental Degradation Influence Migration? Emigration to Developed Countries in the Late 1980s and 1990s*

Objective. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that climate change will intensify during the 21st century. The exact distribution of impacts will likely be complex in nature. Although some areas may exhibit benefits, many areas will likely experience environmental decline. The objective of this article is to answer the following question: What are the potential implications of deteriorating environmental conditions for human migration? This is not an easy question to answer because the full effects of climate change are not yet completely evident. Yet by studying the impact of environmental forces on migration in recent decades, we can offer some insight to this question. Methods. In implementing this approach, we employ theoretical and empirical methods. Our theoretical model suggests that environmental degradation should promote out‐migration from affected areas, all other things being equal. To test this prediction empirically, we conduct a large‐N statistical analysis focusing on the role of several environmental factors in emigration to developed countries. Our empirical sample covers the late 1980s and the 1990s. Results. The empirical results suggest that environmental decline plays a statistically significant role in out‐migration, pushing people to leave their homes and move to other countries. Conclusions. In the conclusions section of this article, we evaluate the policy implications of these findings for developed countries in the context of climate change and national security.     

走向开源的社会学——定量分析中的复制性研究

摘要：社会科学定量分析亟待建立一个透明和开源的学术机制,让研究数据和模型公开共享,使研究成果可以得到他人的验证和进一步拓展。这个学术机制的核心就是倡导“复制性研究”。本文结合近年来西方社会科学界围绕复制性研究的实践和讨论,提出了复制性研究对于社会科学特别是中国社会学定量分析的重要意义、操作可能性以及可能存在的争议。在此基础上,本文通过两个实证定量分析的例子,为如何进行复制性研究提供了简明的范本。最后,结合中国实际提出了就复制性研究所应达成的共识和建议。本文所论及的复制性研究,对社会科学定量分析其他领域也同样具有参考价值。     

再论在西安成立"亚欧大陆桥地区经济贸易与合作组织"的问题

新亚欧大陆桥自 1990年贯通至今 ,一直被“通而不畅”的现状所困绕 ,为了切实发挥它的效用 ,如果以“新亚欧大陆桥”为依托和载体 ;成立由沿桥国家、地区、城市参与组成的“亚欧大陆桥地区经贸合作组织” ,并将其秘书处设在西安 ,必将充分发挥该交通通讯枢纽的综合效用 ,加快西安经济发展 ,提升西安的国际竞争力和地位。     

行政的“疆域”与行政法的功能

行政的范围 ,既取决于不同时代 ,不同社会经济条件下 ,人们对“公共物品”的需求 ,同时也取决于人们对政府权力的成本—效益的认识。在传统社会 ,人们对“公共物品”的需求量较小 ,政府管的事自然不多 ;在现代社会 ,人们对“公共物品”的需求量大增 ,政府的职能和行政的范围是不是就应该和必然无限地扩张呢 ?行政国家、全能政府在为人们部分解决了现代社会发生的许多复杂问题 (如“市场失灵”问题 )以后 ,又导致了大量的更为复杂的问题 (如政府腐败、社会腐败问题 )。于是 ,“有限政府” ,政府权力向社会 (“第三部门”)转化的方案提出来了。政府权力转化为社会公权力后 ,行使社会公权力的行为还属不属“行政”的范畴 ,应否受行政法的规范和控制 ?行政法的功能是什么 ?管理论、控权论、平衡论对之有不同的看法。现代行政法在纠正传统行政法片面强调管理或片面强调控权的偏向后 ,正逐步形成以规范和控制行政权为手段 ,以服务行政相对人和保护行政相对人合法权益为目的的法律规范体系     

"三个代表"思想是对"历史周期率"的跨越

长期以来 ,人们对社会历史的变迁是否有规律 ,这种规律是否客观 ,是否可以改变、抗拒 ,一直争论不休 ,众说纷纭 ,见仁见智。中国共产党三代领导集体始终把“历史周期率”作为一个深刻的课题来思考和探索。江泽民总书记提出“三个代表”思想体现了跨越“历史周期率”的宏观方略 ,是中国共产党人对所谓“历史周期率”的郑重回答。     

A comparison of models for strategic planning,risk analysis and risk management

Summary Risks, uncertainties in firms and their environment are increasingly dealt with strategic planning, risk analysis and risk management. The present state of strategic planning enables us to consider the greatest part of internal and environmental risks mainly qualitatively - due to the fact that the majority of planning models used are of a deterministic type.The application of CAPM in strategic planning could take risks into account explicitly and maximize the expected value of the firms' common stock. Linked to a corporate simulation model or a DSS it could generate a series of values for the expected rate of return, its standard deviations as well as other output variables important for the management. The difficulties of the use of CAPM are numerous but an attempt to optimize the value of the firm would be a big step in developing new powerful instruments for evaluating the economic consequences of alternative strategies. The problems of CAPM lead to the considerations of the application of stochastic programming in strategic planning. For special cases solution methods can be developed and applied. The implementation of the Decision Support System in strategic planning could help to find the best decision in an interactive way - as suggested in this paper for the case of strategic marketing planning. DSS renders the consideration of other factors relevant to strategic decisions possible; businesses need not be reduced to portfolio terms. The limitations of CAPM, stochastic programming and the difficulties of the implementations of DSS for strategic planning could be partially avoided through the concept of Risk Management. On this concept strategic planning represents only one instrument of Risk Management and is a powerful tool of risk identification. In this paper the other instruments have been shortly demonstrated for the cases of product reliability and risks in relation with foreign countries. The development of new instruments for special cases (e.g., siting problems, specific strategic decisions, etc.), the considerations of risk behavior in individual, group and inter-organizational or even international decision making are now the main topics in the urgent task of research in risk management.     

时间与海德格尔的“时间性”

本文不是试图对海德格尔进行解释 ,而是试图从文本本身的角度质疑《存在与时间》中概念的矛盾性。《存在与时间》建立了一种新的 ,关于时间始源性问题的学说。时间的始源 ,被海德格尔称为“时间性”。时间性在此在分析中有中心地位 ,对时间作出了新的解释。然而时间性本身却是一个矛盾概念。时间性源于死的本真性 ;死所以是最本真的 ,因为死是必须此在自己去承担的存在可能性。如果以是否自己去承担为标准 ,那么此在能承担的存在可能性并不只有死。所以死不可能是最本真的。因而 ,时间性也不可能是始源性的时间学说。文章通过对时间性的分析指出 ,时间性学说是建立在对于时间的一般理解之上的。     

Productive welfare: Korea's third way?

How can the various pressures of economic globalisation and changes in the established welfare systems of the industrialised nations inform the development of the Korean welfare state? As the twenty‐first century dawns, Korea is confronted with a serious dilemma: How to adapt to globalisation and survive under worldwide competition and at the same time construct an effective egalitarian welfare state? The objective of this paper is to explore the future directions for the Korean social welfare system as it adjusts to economic globalisation. As it seeks a course between the social democratic welfare state model and the rising tide of the neo‐liberal welfare state, we pose the question: Is there a ‘third way’ for Korea? In trying to discern where the Korean welfare state is headed, it may be helpful to understand where it has come from and how it compares with the established welfare states in the industrialised nations.     

"Political Islam" and Western Society

The term "political Islam" sounds strange to people who are not familiar with Muhammad's teaching: how can a religion be political? To a Muslim—for whom religion is inseparable from politics, the state, and from all spheres of a person's life—this formula seems equally strange, but for a different reason entirely. After all, in Islam there is no division into secular power and spiritual power; in fact, the Church as an institution does not even exist. The Christian formula "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's" [Matthew 22:21] is unacceptable to Islam; and the Muslim rulers, beginning with the caliphs, have embodied both spiritual and secular power at the same time. From a Muslim standpoint, Islam's political influence is a natural phenomenon.     

对我国土地行政管理体制的思考

目前中国正处在经济高速发展、城市化和工业化突飞猛进的时期，非农用地的需求不可避免将进一步增长。不仅国家粮食安全、生态安全、保证建设用地需求与耕地有关，其他一系列社会问题也在耕地转移的过程中反映出来。面对诸如此类的问题．土地行政管理如不能统筹各种关系，就会陷入顾此失彼的境地，一切症结也正在于此。这里主要谈一下“统筹城乡协调发展”和“统筹一要吃饭，二要建设”两个关键问题。     

海德格尔晚期思想中的“上帝”

海德格尔晚期思想中真正的“上帝” ,就是存在本质的真理。海德格尔通过对“上帝之死”的分析 ,指出西方思想二千年来的历史命运就是虚无主义 ,即对存在本质 (虚无 )的遗忘和逃避。在海德格尔晚期的四重性的世界图景中 ,神不是人借以逃避存在的庇护所 ,而是将人引向存在自身本质 (发生、四重性 )的暗示、线索。而海氏强调的“本体论区分” ,其神学意义就在于将神从本体神学的上帝的存在者性的桎梏中解救出来。毫无疑问海德格尔晚期思想包含了一种宗教经验 ,但由于海德格尔的宗教思想存在一种暧昧性 ,他的“神”并不足以表达这种经验。我们认为在海德格尔思想中 ,除了那明显的“神”之外 ,还有一个“隐藏的上帝” ,它就是存在自身的本质 ;在海氏看来 ,只有它才是真正的神圣性