Young adults in the United States and Benin reason about gendered cultural traditions

This study explored emerging and young adults’ reasoning about cultural practices in West Africa. American (Study 1, n = 78, M = 20.76 years) and Beninese (Study 2, n = 93, M = 23.61 years) undergraduates were surveyed about their evaluations of corporal punishment, scarification, and schooling restrictions in conditions where the practices had gender‐neutral or gender‐specified targets. In Study 1, the majority (69%) of American participants negatively evaluated the practices, especially when targets were female. However, the majority (73%) assumed the cultural practices were consensual. In Study 2, the majority (76%) of Beninese participants negatively evaluated the practices, and their evaluations did not vary by gender of the target. Few (10%) Beninese participants assumed the cultural practices were consensual. In both studies, emerging and young adults who initially judged practices positively changed their evaluations with a change in consent.     

Children's Moral Reasoning Regarding Physical and Relational Aggression

Elementary school children's moral reasoning concerning physical and relational aggression was explored. Fourth and fifth graders rated physical aggression as more wrong and harmful than relational aggression but tended to adopt a moral orientation about both forms of aggression. Gender differences in moral judgments of aggression were observed, with girls rating physical and relational aggression as more wrong and relational aggression as more harmful than boys. In addition, girls were more likely to adopt a moral orientation when judging physical and relational aggression and girls more often judged relational aggression than physical aggression from the moral domain. Finally, moral reasoning about aggression was associated with physically and relationally aggressive behavior. Considered together, the results indicate that children tend to adopt a moral orientation about aggression, but that they nonetheless differentiate between physical and relational aggression in their moral judgments.     

Adolescent and Adult Reasoning about Gender and Fairness in Traditional Practices in Benin, West Africa

This study examined reasoning about fairness in gender-related traditional practices in Benin, West Africa. Fifty adolescents ( M   =  15.7 years) and 46 adults ( M   =  33.4 years) were interviewed about traditional practices involving gender hierarchy. Results indicate that the majority attributed decision-making authority to a traditional authority for conventional reasons. However, the majority also judged the practices as unfair, giving moral reasons. In judgments of how to respond to unfair practices, those who advocated accepting the practices gave conventional reasons and not moral reasons. Males took the gender of the protagonist into account more than did females, and males saw traditional male authority as less alterable. No age differences were found, indicating that adults were not more enculturated than adolescents.     

Social functioning and mental health among children who have been living in kinship and non‐kinship foster care: results from an 8‐year follow‐up with a Norwegian sample

Studies have shown relatively high rates of emotional and behavioural problems among children living in out‐of‐home care. This study reports the prevalence of social problems at an 8‐year follow‐up for a group of children/young adults. Predictors for prevalence and change in emotional and behavioural problems at the follow‐up are examined. A prospective cohort design with 233 children who had been living in foster care was used. Forty‐eight per cent (n = 111) of those interviewed at baseline were located and interviewed at follow‐up. Mean age was 17.4 (standard deviation = 2.9) years. Mental health symptomatology was measured with Child Behaviour Checklist and Adult Self‐Report. Linear and generalized mixed model analyses were used. Changes in internalizing and externalizing problems from baseline to follow‐up was associated with gender. Boys showed more problems at a young age, whereas girls developed more problems later. Predictors for social problems at follow‐up were mental health at baseline, kinship care and care placement away from the local community.     

Bringing the social back: rethinking the declension narrative of twentieth-century US labour history

Recently historians have produced several important synthetic works explaining the decline of labour. Much of the scholarship advancing or supporting declension narratives of US labour are national studies grounded in political and urban history. In declension narratives, national business, political and labour leaders emerge as the primary actors, while pushing rank-and-file workers to the side. Declension narratives also neglect serious analyses of race and class formation, gender, radicalism and workers’ agency. This article argues for an approach that integrates more social history concerns into twentieth-century US labour history without forsaking the most illuminating contributions of declension narratives. Such a model illuminates and interrogates workers’ agency in response to political and economic transformations after 1945. An approach integrating social history would contextualize the construction of solidarity and identity formation in political and economic transformations such as deindustrialization, the rise of the retail and also the service economy. Rather than explain the history of US labour from a national perspective, the approach would also feature local studies. This article suggests that, by incorporating some or all of the aforementioned points, scholars of US labour history could deepen or challenge declension narratives that either marginalize workers or reduce them to passive victims.     

Normative Beliefs About Prosocial Behavior in Middle Childhood: What Does It Mean to Be Nice?

Our purpose in the present studies was to discover what types of prosocial behavior children consider to be normative and how systematically varying the gender combinations of the actor and target child impacts those beliefs. Two studies were conducted (n = 468 and = = 393 third-through sixth-grade children) in which participants were asked to describe normative prosocial behaviors in their peer groups. A content analysis of children's responses revealed that relationally inclusive acts (behaviors that initiate and sustain relationships) were cited by children significantly more often than the types of prosocial behaviors typically assessed in past research (e.g., helping, sharing). Further, the kinds of prosocial behaviors cited varied as a function of children's age and the gender of the actor and target.     

Children's and Adolescents' Decisions about Sharing Money with Others

Two hundred and ninety-four participants aged between 7 and 17 years of age were asked to share out money between themselves and another, imaginary group. Individual responses were recorded as well as responses after discussion in a group with two other participants. The distribution task took place in two different experimental conditions that either gave participants a free choice about how much to offer to the other group or involved making a strategic offer to avoid the other group rejecting an offer and losing all the money. From 10 years of age onwards, when allowed to choose freely how much to share, boys made progressively less generous offers than girls whereas girls' offers remained the same with age. However, when inter-group strategic constraints were present, there were few gender differences from 10 years of age. The order in which games were presented was a powerful influence on the offers that participants made.     

京味儿电视剧《风车》评析

电视剧《风车》具有鲜明的北京文化特色。全剧主线清晰,情节曲折,构思巧妙,人物塑造具有典型性和代表性,多角度地反映了现实生活,通过复杂的人物关系揭示了人性的深层矛盾,蕴含着深刻的情感和道德内涵,而且营造了浓厚的北京文化氛围,体现出明显的京味儿特色,达到了较高的艺术水平。但是,此剧在人物塑造、情节设计、视角选择、风车的意象表现等方面还有一些可商榷之处。《风车》具有较强的现实意义,分析其创作得失,对首都文化建设和电视艺术的发展具有一定借鉴意义。     

Children’s reasoning about unequal gender‐based distributions

Children ages 7 (N = 56, M_age = 7.24, SD = 0.83), 9 (N = 55, M_age = 9.25, SD = 0.52), and 11 (N = 52, M_age = 11.60, SD = 0.79), and emerging adults (N = 50, M_age = 20.76, SD = 0.87) judged distributions of different items to boys and girls, when the items distributed varied by gender valence (related or unrelated to gender norms) and equivalency (equivalent or unequal). Distributions were judged to be acceptable most when the items were consistent with gender norms, especially for participants at ages 7 and 9, indicating that in middle childhood, children judge unequal treatment as fair when it is related to gender norms. Items were judged to be more likable when they were gendered, and likability judgments predicted more positive evaluations of the distributions, even when controlling for age.     

The Taste of the Eye and the Sight of the Tongue: the Relations between Sight and Taste in Early Modern Europe

This article examines the articulation between the senses of taste and sight through the representations of their organs, the tongue and the eye, in early modern Europe. The relationship between taste and sight first brings to mind gastronomical aesthetics, and the part played by the eye in the relish of beautifully presented dishes. The first part of this article is therefore devoted to exploring the taste of the eye (or the foretaste of sight) and highlights the harmony of taste and sight in early modern cuisine. However, the forms of reciprocity between taste and sight cannot be reduced to the sole figure of culinary aesthetics, which tends to blur the other multiple modalities that this sensorial association could reveal. The second part, the sight of the tongue (or the invisibility of taste), thus examines more complex layers of the relationship between the sense of sight and the taste organ, through a study of the representations of the tongue and of the gaping mouth in early modern visual culture. Drawing on early modern textual and iconographic resources and exploring: cookbooks; physiognomic works; conduct books; and also engravings and paintings related to the culinary arts, the seven deadly sins, and representations of madness and the fool in early modern visual culture, this essay argues that examining the representations of the sense organs is a suggestive way to explore the relationship between the senses.     

论知识经济下高校德育工作的改进

21世纪是知识经济的时代,知识经济将使中国高校的德育工作背景发生深刻变化。基于知识经济下增强民族凝聚力和大学生个体道德发展的要求,我们必须改进高校德育工作,实现教育理念及对大学生从教会“顺从”到教会“选择”的转变,实现全面提高德育工作者素质,实现德育工作手段的现代化,实现德育工作的不断创新。     

制度变迁理论与中国近代经济史研究

近年来,制度变迁理论对诸多学科产生日益广泛的影响,在我国经济史研究中也体现了其适用性。当研究视域放置于中国近代经济发展史时,制度变迁理论为我们提供了全新的思考维度和分析框架。     

性别视角下的女红军研究

从社会性别的视角可以通过对女红军婚姻选择、人格独立、功绩认可、地位确定四个方面,来探求战争年代女红军自身在这场革命中的独特的经验和体会,探究女红军所经历过的＂妇女解放＂的艰辛历程,歌颂其在中国妇女运动史的贡献,以提供不同于＂宏大叙事＂的另一种历史的真实。     

舜形象中的道德哲学问题

舜在中国历史上堪称第一个人格形象完整的人,他的故事中蕴含着丰富的道德哲学问题,而这些问题的解决在现代社会仍有启示意义。首先是父子关系的问题,舜的父亲因为偏爱不是个慈父,但舜秉承着父子天性的认识,以不变的孝心来对待父亲,最终得以处理好父子关系。而兄弟之间因为出现了继承权之争,即利益问题,所以舜的弟弟象一直想杀死舜,但舜坚持兄弟之间的血缘亲情,始终以让的美德来感化兄弟。舜对于夫妻关系,认识到其中的异姓和异性问题,因此"内行弥谨",谨慎地与妻子相处,最终得以使家庭和睦。     

理性与道义：熟人社会中的劳力配置逻辑--鄂西W村小农用工体系研究

帮工、换工和雇工构成的小农用工体系是鄂西W村脐橙产业发展的基础。小农用工体系嵌入村庄熟人社会,以熟人社会的平衡机制和信任机制作为运行逻辑,呈现出道义经济色彩。但是,小农用工体系同时嵌入市场化的产业发展结构,农民的理性经济目标也构成小农用工体系的运行动力。通过充分动员道义经济,小农用工体系为农民提供了低成本、高稳定的劳力配置方式,降低了农业生产的成本与风险,促进了熟人社会秩序的再生产。     

涂尔干:道德本原与现代潮流——以自杀类型为线索

与通常的看法不同,涂尔干的《自杀论》并不是一部通过统计分析达到实证性结论的“科学”著作,在《自杀论》的四种自杀类型背后,有着关于现代社会的完整的病理学分析。本文尝试从自杀类型入手,联系涂尔干有关道德教育与原始宗教的著作,揭示涂尔干有关人性与社会之健康道德本原的思想;另一方面则从文明史的角度出发,结合涂尔干关于法国中等教育史以及政治和法律史的讨论,深入发掘涂尔干对西欧现代社会之源起和演进的思考。在涂尔干看来,正是现代社会潮流的极端化发展,导致社会的种种危机与病态。要克服现代社会的这一危险倾向,必须回到历史来考察现代潮流的源起和演进,才能在变化的现实条件下接续传统,重建人心和道德秩序。     

互联网在北京的发展变革

本文试从发展规模、社会角色以及网络经济三个层面,概括互联网在北京的发展历程,力图在全景上对互联网在北京的发展做一个立体化的深入透视,并对其未来方向做出理性思考和判断。     

由世界历史理论解析资本主义全球化的困境——兼论全球化时代市场经济与民族国家之间的张力

马克思的世界历史理论预言资本主义及其全球化具有不可克服的内在矛盾,其最终前途只能是社会主义和共产主义。在马克思的预言迟迟没有实现的情况下,西方意识形态的教父们认为马克思主义已经被证伪。对此,应从历史唯物主义的角度驳斥新自由主义意识形态"市场神话"的虚伪,明确"市场"自始至终一直处于民族国家的监视和保护之下。民族国家曾经挽救了市场经济,但在全球化的时代,民族国家的构架遭到了削弱,全球市场与全球政治不能平衡,必然导致市场的最终失控。因而,马克思世界历史理论的预言依然有效。