Introduction: Beyond the Great Divergence

Was today’s alternative model of development universal in the eighteenth century? By comparing what was then mainstream economic development with today’s alternative model, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (hereafter, The Great Divergence) reminds us that development has many possibilities. Like many of us who are familiar with the classic research models for the origins of Western European capitalism, Pomeranz, on encountering evidence betraying the paucity of advocates for the “European miracle” and the backwardness of early modern England and Europe, was irresistibly impelled to reassess this period. What he found was a decline in environmental resources relative to the growing population in the preindustrial world—an issue that can hardly be said to be economic; rather, for the moment, let us acknowledge it as arising from the demand for plant and animal resources. The Great Divergence asserts that in the eighteenth century, when timber had not yet been completely replaced by coal, four major products of the land—food, fuel, fiber and building materials—were facing increasing demographic pressure, which people in Europe, especially England, and in China, especially the lower Yangzi Delta (Jiangnan), and even in Japan and India, were all trying to deal with, and to which they all responded by choosing a labor–intensive path. This raised output and satisfied the environmental resource needs of a growing population. In the end, however, The Great Divergence lets the cat out of the bag, holding that environmental pressures were considerably relieved in England in the mid- to late eighteenth century, due to the industrial revolution sparked by its coal and iron and the abundant supply of land-intensive products imported from the New World; England then abandoned its labor-intensive path and took the road of industrialization, in which capital and labor made up for shortage of land. With the advent of the industrial revolution, Pomeranz’ doubts about Eurocentrism automatically come to an end; the nineteenth century becomes a dividing wall. The concept of development that takes environmental resources—including land—as existing merely for demand and consumption takes its fixed form in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the stage in which economic development reigned supreme and industrialization proceeded through plunder and rapine.     

Li as a Way to Order: The Intellectual Characteristics and Historical Role of Xun Zi’s Theory of Li

Abstract

To illustrate the overall content and historical significance of Xun Zi’s political philosophy, this paper proceeds as follows. First, it reviews previous research on ideas of li (ritual and social norms) and discusses why Xun Zi’s theory of li has been undervalued. Second, it briefly introduces my earlier study of this issue, The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi. Third, it proposes an analytical framework that highlights the intellectual characteristics and historical role of li in the Xunzi. This framework analyzes li in the broad sense, differentiating between the theory of li, li as an institution and li as a way to the restoration of order. Fourth, it describes some intellectual characteristics of the Xunzi’s theory of li as a way to order. Based on these discussions, this paper argues that Xun Zi’s theory of li as a way to order is a political philosophy with a broad vision which goes beyond the framework of a single dynasty or state to cover the history and modes of existence of human society as a whole.     

The Moral Economy of Intergenerational Redistribution in an Ageing Society: A Qualitative Analysis of Young Adults' Beliefs in the United States

In the USA, the largest generation, the Baby Boomers, is currently retiring and increasingly drawing from Old Age Social Security. In this context, young generations are said to be disadvantaged: they have to support a growing number of pensioners while expecting much lower pensions themselves. Drawing on 14 original semi‐structured interviews with young US citizens aged 20–36, this study analyzes the moral economy of intergenerational redistribution – defined as normative beliefs and justifications of a just distribution of contributions and benefits between generations. The qualitative content analysis resorts to the four constituent institutional principles of intergenerational redistribution: deservingness (being qualified to receive support), reciprocity (mutual support between generations), equity (relation between in‐ and outputs for one generation) and equality (corresponding conditions for different generations). The first main finding is that the young hold multiple normative beliefs in favour of intergenerational redistribution. The second main finding is that different normative beliefs and justifications can compensate for feelings of injustice attributable to the consequences of an ageing society. The qualitative findings' contributions to the field of study that is dominated by quantitative studies are concluded. Implications for public support for intergenerational redistribution in the ageing society of the USA and other countries are discussed.     

Order extensions,budget correspondences,and rational choice

This article is concerned with extensions of a continuous ordering R on a set X to a subset P(X) of the power set of X. The underlying topology will be the Hausdorff metric topology. We will see that continuous extensions of R do not require that P(X) contain every nonempty finite subset of X. Therefore, the analysis can be applied to consumer theory and inverse choice functions. In analogy to these functions budget correspondences are established which relate alternatives x with certain subsets of X, according to the extended ordering.     

Evaluation of Early Adolescent Subjective Well-Being in Terms of Submissive Behavior and Self-Esteem

This research aimed to investigate the correlation between subjective well-being and submissive behavior and self-esteem in students in the early adolescent period. The research was completed with a relational design. The research group comprised sixth, seventh, and eighth class middle school students in the spring term of the 2015–2016 academic year in Trabzon province. Data collection tools included a Personal Information Form, Submissive Behavior Scale, Two-Dimensional Self-Respect Scale (Self-Liking and Self-Confidence Scale), Satisfaction with Life Scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The results of the correlation analysis found a significant positive correlation between subjective well-being and self-esteem (r?=?0.54, p?<?0.01; 95% CI [0.44, 0.61], Cohen’s d?=?1.28); however, the correlation between subjective well-being and submissive behavior was not significant (r?=?–0.02, p?>?0.05; 95% CI [–0.11, 0.09], Cohen’s d?=?0.04). There was a significant negative correlation identified between self-esteem and submissive behavior (r?=?–0.10, p < 0.05; 95% CI [–0.20, –0.01], Cohen’s d?=?–0.20). Additionally, according to our findings, self-esteem accounts for 29% of the variation in well-being (F(1, 367)?=?150.79, p?<?0.001). The contribution of self-esteem to the subjective well-being explanatory model was found to be significant (sz?=?0.54, p?<?0.001).     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Peter Hanson, The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study Keith Scott, The Moose That Roared: The Story of Jay Ward, Bill Scott, a Flying Squirrel, and a Talking Moose Nicholson Baker, Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper Richard K. Sherwin, When Law Goes Pop: The Vanishing Line Between Law and Popular Culture Joseph Dorinson and Joram Warmund (eds.), Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports, and the American Dream Frederick Matthew Wiseman, The Voice of the Dawn: An Autohistory of the Abenaki Nation Reuben Ellis, Vertical Margins: Mountaineering and the Landscapes of Neoimperialism McKay Jenkins, The South in Black and White: Race, Sex, and Literature in the 1940s Pauline Maier, Merritt Roe Smith, Alexander Keyssar, and Daniel J. Kevles, Inventing America: A History of the United States Clifford Putney, Muscular Christianity: Manhood and Sports in Protestant America, 1880–1920 Irene Kacandes, Talk Fiction: Literature and the Talk Explosion Nikolas Schreck, The Satanic Screen: An Illustrated Guide to the Devil in Cinema     

Rule utilitarianism,rights, obligations and the theory of rational behavior

The paper first summarizes the author's decision-theoretical model of moral behavior, in order to compare the moral implications of the act-utilitarian and of the rule-utilitarian versions of utilitarian theory. This model is then applied to three voting examples. It is argued that the moral behavior of act-utilitarian individuals will have the nature of a noncooperative game, played in the extensive mode, and involving action-by-action maximization of social utility by each player. In contrast, the moral behavior of rule-utilitarian individuals will have the nature of a cooperative game, played in the normal mode, and involving a firm commitment by each player to a specific moral strategy (viz. to the strategy selected by the rule-utilitarian choice criterion) — even if some individual actions prescribed by this strategy, when considered in isolation, should fail to maximize social utility.The most important advantage that rule utilitarianism as an ethical theory has over act utilitarianism lies in its ability to give full recognition to the moral and social importance of individual rights and personal obligations. It is easy to verify that action-by-action maximization of social utility, as required by act utilitarianism, would destroy these rights and obligations. In contrast, rule utilitarianism can fully recognize the moral validity of these rights and obligations precisely because of its commitment to an overall moral strategy, independent of action-by-action social-utility maximization.The paper ends with a discussion of the voter's paradox problem. The conventional theory of rational behavior cannot avoid the paradoxical conclusion that, in any large electorate, voting is always an irrational activity because one's own individual vote is extremely unlikely to make any difference to the outcome of any election. But it can be shown that, by using the principles of rule-utilitarian theory, this paradox can easily be resolved and that, in actual fact, voting, even in large electorates, may be perfectly rational action. More generally, the example of rule utilitarianism shows what an important role the concept of a rational commitment can play in the analysis of rational behavior.     

Book Reviews

Denisoff, R. Serge, and William D. Romanowski. Risky Business: Rock In Film. Gilman, Sander. The Jew's Body. Hall, Hal W. The Work of Louis L'Amour: An Annotated Bibliography & Guide. Porter, Susan L. With an Air Debonair: Musical Theatre in America 1785-1815. Donald G. Godfrey. comp. Reruns on File: A Guide to Electronic Media Archives. Fowler, Karin J. Anne Baxter: a Bio-Bibliography. Robbins, Jhan. Inka Dinka Doo: The Life of Jimmy Durante. Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety. Sweeney, Kevin. Henry Fonda: a Bio-Bibliography. Riggin, Judith M. John Wayne: A Bio-Bibliography. Baughman, James L. The Republic of Mass Culture: Jouralism, Filmmaking and Broadcasting in America Since 1941. Bird, S. Elizabeth. For Enquiring Minds: a Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids. Science, Culture and Popular Belief in Renaissance Europe. Edited by Stephen Pumfrey, Paolo L. Rossi & Maurice Slawinski. Women and Religion: A Bibliographic Guide to Christian Feminist Liberation Theology. Compiled by Shelly Davis Finson. The Ted Williams Reader. Edited by Lawrence Baldassaro. Josh and Satch: The Life and Times of Josh Gibson and Satchel Paige. John B. Holway. A Genius by Moonlight. W.J.M. Brady. The Varieties of Sensory Experience: A Sourcebook in the Anthropology of the Senses. Edited by David Howes. Women's Comic Visions. Edited and Introduced by June Sochen. Semzons and Battle Hymns. Edited by Graham Walker and Tom Gallagher. The Whole Pop Catalog. The Berkeley Pop Culture Project. Ticket To Paradise: American Movie Theaters and How We Had Fun. John Margolies and Emily Gwathmey.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Mary Corey, The World Through a Monacle: The New Yorker at Midcentury Mark A. Lause, The Civil War's Last Campaign: James B. Weaver, the Greenback‐Labor Party & the Politics of Race & Section Denis McNally, A Long Strange Trip: The Inside History of the Grateful Dead Elaine L. Graham, Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture Kerry Acker, Everything You Need to Know About the Goth Scene Gavin Baddeley, Goth Chic: A Connoisseur's Guide to Dark Culture Paul Hodkinson, Goth: Identity, Style, Subculture Mick Mercer, 21^st Century Goth Timothy Shary, Generation Multiplex: The Image of Youth in Contemporary American Cinema David Simon, Tony Soprano's America: The Criminal Side of the American Dream Sarah A. Leavitt, From Catharine Beecher to Martha Stewart: A Cultural History of Domestic Advice Joseph Stanton, Cardinal Points: Poems on St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Maria Tatar, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales Tim Wolter, POW Baseball in World War II: The National Pastime Behind Barbed Wire     

A Shortcut Method of Calculating the Distribution of Election Outcome Types Under Approval Voting

The paper applies to approval voting, under which the voter casts a ballot by casting one vote for each of k candidates, wherek=;1,2, , m–1 and there are m candidates. I assume (following Brams and Fishburn) that each of the voter's 2=;–2 strategies is equally likely to be chosen. Election-outcome types include: the m-way tie;(m-1) -way ties with the runner-up trailing by 1,2,,m votes; (m-2)-way ties, and so on. The frequency distribution of outcome types varies only with m and n and is necessary to the calculation of the expected utilities of successive ballots cast, in the same election, by a voter under a variant of approval voting. This variant allows the voter to cast several complete ballots provided that he pays the respective prices, which could reasonably be based on the expected utilities. The paper describes a shortcut method of calculating the distribution of outcome types when m=;4 andn rises to levels that make straightforward calculation computationally infeasible. The shortcut involves the combining of an outcome type, instead of each member of that type, with each of the 14 strategies available to the incremental voter. In going fromn-1 to n, for n3, the number of outcome types increases by a factor of (n+3)/n whereas, the number of combinations of strategies increases by a factor of 14.     

Towards a standard conceptual typology of public sector performance measurement

This article aims to enhance fundamental conceptualisation in performance measurement through the development of a standard conceptual typology of the field. Performance measurement is a common phenomenon in the worldwide public sector, and one that has attracted substantial academic attention. However, analysis has been hindered by confusing and inconsistent terminology, and a lack of clear and explicit classification schemes. The proposed typology is based on five explicit design considerations and three fundamenta divisionis. The typology produced has four elements: levels; measures; targets; and actuals. These elements relate to the nature, specific aspect and state of performance phenomena. It is likely that a standard conceptual approach will have benefits for academic analysis, by clarifying language and conceptual definitions. It is also likely to have beneficial practical implications.     

The Development of a “Neighborhood in Solidarity” in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

This article presents a case study based on the “Neighborhood in Solidarity” (NS) methodology to illustrate its application in a locality of 8,000 inhabitants in Switzerland. This specific project is proposed to exemplify the global aim of the NS methodology. That aim is to increase the integration of elderly persons in societies in order to improve their quality of life. The case study demonstrates the enhancement of the capacity of the older people to remain actively engaged in their neighborhood. The article focuses on the creation of an autonomous community of empowered older people who can resolve their own problems after a 5-year project. The construction of the local community is presented throughout the six steps of the methodology: (1) preliminary analysis, (2) diagnostic, (3) construction, (4) project design, (5) project implementation, and (6) empowerment and with three degrees of involvement (community, participative, and integrative involvement). Performance and output indicators, quality indicators, and social determinants of health assess the development of the local project. The impacts of the projects which are illustrated in this specific example motivated this publication to inspire practitioners from other countries.     

On Decomposing Net Final Values: Eva,Sva and Shadow Project

A decomposition model of Net Final Values (NFV), named Systemic Value Added (SVA), is proposed for decision-making purposes, based on a systemic approach introduced in Magni [Magni, C. A. (2003), Bulletin of Economic Research 55(2), 149–176; Magni, C. A. (2004) Economic Modelling 21, 595–617]. The model translates the notion of excess profit giving formal expression to a counterfactual alternative available to the decision maker. Relations with other decomposition models are studied, among which Stewart’s [Stewart, G.B. (1991), The Quest for Value: The EVA™ Management Guide, Harper Collins, Publishers Inc]. The index here introduced differs from Stewart’s Economic Value Added (EVA) in that it rests on a different interpretation of the notion of excess profit and is formally connected with the EVA model by means of a shadow project. The SVA is formally and conceptually threefold, in that it is economic, financial, accounting-flavoured. Some results are offered, providing sufficient and necessary conditions for decomposing NFV. Relations between a project’s SVA and its shadow project’s EVA are shown, all results of Pressacco and Stucchi [Pressacco, F. and Stucchi, P. (1997), Rivista di Matematica per le Scienze Economiche e Sociali 20, 165–185] are proved by making use of the systemic approach and the shadow counterparts of those results are also shown.     

Family functioning and emotion socialization in Chinese two-parent households: A person-centered approach

The current study adopted cluster analysis as a person-centered approach to identify patterns of Chinese families’ functioning and parents’ emotion socialization responses and investigate their associations with children's emotion regulation and behavioral outcomes. Both parents residing in the same family were included to explore joint contributions of mothers and fathers within the family system. Participants were 204 Chinese two-parent (mother and father) households of 5- to 10-year-old children (M_age = 7.43 years, SD = .81; 98 girls). Both parents filled out online questionnaires about their perceptions of family functioning (cohesion, adaptability) and endorsement of responses to children's negative emotions (supportive, nonsupportive). Mothers also reported children's lability/negativity, emotion regulation, problematic behaviors (internalizing, externalizing) and prosocial behaviors. Five clusters were identified: poor-functioning/dismissing, well-functioning/coaching, engaged fathers, engaged mothers, and balanced/diffuse. Overall, poor-functioning/dismissing families had children with the lowest functioning and well-functioning/coaching families had children with the most optimal outcomes. The other three clusters were moderate in terms of child functioning with children of engaged fathers having less optimal outcomes than the other two. The nuanced variations among clusters and meaning of results are discussed in relation to Chinese cultural contexts. Findings support the utility of a person-centered approach for illuminating how parents’ socialization practices interconnect holistically within dynamic family systems.     

Critical Components in Implementing Evidence‐based Practice: A Multiple Case Study of Individual Placement and Support for People with Psychiatric Disabilities

When developing Community Mental Health Services to support people with psychiatric disabilities, European countries are advocating evidence ‐based practice (EBP ). Individual Placement and Support (IPS ) is an evidence ‐based model designed to support people in acquiring and maintaining competitive employment. Implementation science is a growing research field, with a focus on components that impact the process of implementing EBP programmes. In this multiple case study, we have followed three IPS demonstration sites for two years, in order to describe and analyze barriers and facilitators for implementation, according to constructs described in the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (Damschroder et al. 2009 ). The results highlight the importance of strategic networking, as well as the need for planning and preparations carried out before the start of an EBP programme, since deficiencies related to these constructs are difficult to compensate for.      

Helping Field Instructors Become More Effective Group Work Educators

Process recording can be a powerful tool for strengthening the link between theory and practice in group work education. The S.O.D.A. recording form (Summary, Observation, Developmental stage, Assessment) was developed by the authors as a tool for helping students and field instructors conceptualize group work practice. The article describes the S.O.D.A. format and its potential effectiveness in overcoming contemporary obstacles in group work field education. The need for a broad strategy involving collaborative efforts to promote and strengthen group work education in the classroom and the field is also discussed.     

Book Reviews

Dancing In The Dark: Youth, Popular Culture, And The Electronic Media. Quentin J. Schultze, Roy M. Anker, James D. Bratt, William D. Romanowski, John W. Worst, and Lambert Zuidervaart. How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime. Roger Corman with Jim Jerome. Critical Essays on Kurt Vonnegut. Robert Merrill. Primitiue Art in Civilized Places. Sally Price. Feminism/Postmodernism. Linda J. Nicholson Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of An African Pofiular Music. Christopher Alan Waterman. Women's Sports: A History. Allen Guttmann. Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America. Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies. Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson Chains of Gold: Marketing the Ratings and Rating the Markets. Karen S. Buzzard. Understanding Television. Andrew Goodwin and Garry Whannel Less Than a Treason: Hemingway in Paris. Peter Griffin. Pier Paolo Pasolini: Cinema as Heresy. Naomi Greene. Arts and Entertainment Fads. Frank W. Hoffmann and William G. Bailey. High & Low: Modern Art and Popular Culture! Kirk Varnedoe and Adam Gopnik. Modern Art and Popular Culture: Readings in High & Low. Kirk Varnedoe and Adam Gopnik Art, Culture & Enterprise: The Politics of Art and the Cultural Industries. Justin Lewis. Handbook of French Popular Culture. Pierre L. Horn Lords of the Scaffold: A History of the Executioner. Geoffrey Abbott. Science-Fiction: The Early Years. Everett F. Bleiler. Frontier Doctor: Medical Pioneer: The Life and Times of A.T. Still and His Family. Charles E. Still, Jr. Kirksville Andrew Taylor Still, 1828–1917. Carol Trowbridge. Coming to Terms: The German Hill Country of Texas. A Tale Type and Motif Index of Early U.S. Almanacs. J. Michael Stitt and Robert K. Dodge.     

Book Reviews

American Comic Strip Collections. 1884–1939: The Revolutionary Era. Denis Gifford The Great American Comic Strip: One Hundred Years of Cartoon Art. Judith O'Sullivan. Worktowners at Blackpool: Mass-observation and Popular Leisure in the 1930s. Gary Cross A “Brand” New Language: Commercial Influences in Literature and Culture. Monroe Friedman. Bad Boys and Tough Tattoos. Samuel M. Steward. The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society. Sut Jhally. Journal of Popular Culture Association of Japan Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective. Ted J. Smith C.G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino D'Acierno Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of Frankenstein From the Nineteenth Century to the Present. Prison Life Among the Rebels: Recollections of a Union Chaplain. Edward D. Jervey The Electronic Golden Calf: Images, Religion and the Making of Meaning. Gregor T. Goethals. The Emergence of Folklore in Everyday Life: A Fieldguide and Sourcebook. George H. Schoemaker Le Monde prive des Ouvriers. Hommes et Femmes du Nord. Oliver Schwartz. For Democracy, Workers and God: Labor Song-Poems and Labor Protest, 1865–95. Clark D. Halker. Popular Leisure in the Lake Counties. Lyn Murfin. Oxford Guide to Card Games. David Parlett. Place Images in Media: Portrayal, Exfierience, and Meaning. Leo Zonn The Casting Couch and Other Front Row Seats: Women in Films of the 1970s and 1980s. Marsha McCreadie. Boomtown Blues: Colorado Oil Shale, 1885–1985. Andrew Gulliford. The Politics of the Textbook. Michael W. Apple and Linda K. Christian-Smith. Explorations in Film Theory: Selected Essays from Ciné-Tracts. Ron Burnett China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. Steven W. Mosher. The Comics. 1947. Coulton Waugh. Introd. M. Thomas Inge. The Expanding Vista: American Television in the Kennedy Years. Mary Ann Watson. Body Food, Soul Food: The American Restaurant Then and Now. Richard Pillsbury. The Cognitive Revolution in Western Culture. Don LePan. Ritual Criticism: Case Studies in its Practice, Essays on its Theory. Ronald L. Grimes. An Aesthetics of Junk Fiction. Thomas J. Roberts. Sanity Plea: Schizophrenia in the Novels of Kurt Vonnegut. Lawrence R. Broer. Popular Culture Review——“A Flower Sprouts in the Desert”