The Pedagogical Ideas and Practice of L. N. Tolstoy

Many people have written about the life, literary work and pedagogical activity of L. N. Tolstoy, but only the founder of the Communist Party, the great Lenin, fully and correctly indicated his real importance and role in Russian life, explained the sharp contradictions in his world outlook, presented a profound analysis of the great writer's creativity and showed that Tolstoy the artist and thinker mirrored "the specific historical features of the first Russian Revolution, its strength and its weakness."     

Science and Technology

In this review of the genetics controversy the author restates the basic criticisms levelled at the so-called "classical" school of genetics by leading Soviet scientists in this field. He maintains that the theory advanced by Lysenko and his followers has proven itself correct over the past years and that it emerges as the only scientific theory of heredity. The journal from which this article is translated states that it is an expanded and edited stenographic report read at the All-Russian Conference of Chairmen of Departments of Social Science, November 1960, and is published for purposes of discussion. Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly, Filosofskie Nauki (Scientific Reports of the Higher School, Philosophical Sciences), 1961, No. 2.     

Film Trends: East and West

A leading Soviet film director (The Young Guard) recounts his discussions with Hollywood film executives and directors, indicates some aspects of the organization of the Soviet film industry, and presents his views of recent French, Italian and American films. ("Films and Man in the 1960's," Izvestiia, August 12-14, 1960.)     

Kabalevsky's Piano Pieces for the Young

In a field where much of the pedagogical work is traditionally uninspired, a major Soviet composer has consistently, since his own youth, been making a tremendous contribution. The writer discusses in detail various piano pieces which Dmitri Kabalevsky composed, mainly for his young students, at various stages of their technical development. Sovetskaya Musika, 1960, No. 12.     

Competitive Changes on Russian Markets: The Example of Retail Chains

On the eve of the First Congress of Artists of the Russian Federation a ranking painter and critic gives his ideas on realism versus abstractionism, form versus content and the social responsibility of the artist. ("An Artist's Notes," Kommunist, 1960, No. 8—slightly abridged.)     

Archaic Mythoritual Ideas About Women in Traditional Buryat Family and Daily Culture

Prompted by a decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU which discussed in part the role of the intellectual and the artist within Soviet society, the author states his own credo and discusses contemporary musical trends. ["The Artist of Our Times," Pravda, Sept. 7, 1960—abridged.]     

In Life and Letters

When does one stop calling a writer "young"? That is hard to know. Leo Tolstoy wrote Childhood [Detstvo] when he was twenty-three; but as I understand it, he was never ranked among "the young," as we now use the phrase. However, Vasilii Aksenov or Andrei Voznesensky, despite the fact that they are thirty-seven, are still "young." The present author was regarded as "young" until he was forty-five, and then graduated to the "middle generation." How does one leap into the "senior" class? What does this take? To begin to write memoirs? To do a "History of My Contemporary" or "Past and Thoughts"? (These, incidentally, were begun when Herzen was forty.) Well, and what if one does not have the guts? I can answer exactly. I know. One has to begin to write recollections of one's encounters with famous people. This testifies to solidity. If, in addition, one begins to cite in these reminiscences passages from correspondence with the reader (not selected passages, for God's sake!), then one becomes even more substantial in the eyes of the reader and may bravely consider oneself the "older generation."     

The "Lonely Crowd" Under Capitalism

Automation, alienation and an atomized social life are phenomena of twentieth century life in the Western countries which American philosophers and sociologists view with considerable alarm and explore from many angles. The author of the following article analyzes the analysis and draws some conclusions of his own. ["Contemporary Capitalism and Spiritual Life of the Individual," Voprosy Filosofii, 1960, No. 6—abriged.]     

“《罗尔斯篇》”与古今之争的得失——试论斯特劳斯派对现代性学问的挑战

斯特劳斯派所代表的古典政治哲学在中外学术界受到人们越来越多的关注.他们对现代性以及现代性学术范式的批评也受到了不同的回应和评价.斯特劳斯的主要弟子布鲁姆对当代政治哲学的代表人物罗尔斯的批评集中体现了两大学术范式的冲突的焦点.作者用虚拟的"<罗尔斯篇>"展开双方的冲突,并运用"强者政治学和弱者政治学"的解释模式对它们各自的得失进行分析和反思.     

Book Reviews

Handbook of American Popular Culture. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. M. Thomas Inge, editor. The Voice of the City: Vaudeville and Popular Culture in New York. Robert W. Snyder. Land Without Ghosts: Chinese Impressions of America From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Present. R. David Arkush and Leo O. Kee. From the Heartlands: Photos and Essays from the Midwest. Larry Smith, editor. The Written Suburb: An American Site, An Ethnographic Dilemma. John D. Dorst. Tenured Radicals: How Politics has Corrupted Our Higher Education Roger Kimball. Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture George Lipsitz     

Soviet and British Historians to Meet

This note reports on the papers to be delivered at a joint conference of Soviet and British historians in Moscow. ["Anglo-Soviet Conference of Historians in Moscow," Voprosy Istorii, 1960, No. 6.]     

The Meaning of Meaning in Sociology. The Achievements and Shortcomings of Alfred Schutz's Phenomenological Sociology

Phenomenological sociology was founded at the beginning of 1930s by Alfred Schutz. His mundane phenomenology sought to combine impulses drawn from Husserl's transcendental phenomenology and Weber's action theory. It was made famous at the turn of 1960s and 1970s by Garfinkel's ethnomethodology and Berger & Luckmann's social constructionism. This paper deals with the notable accomplishments of Schutz and his followers and then proceeds to a shared shortcoming, which is that the phenomenological approach is unable to understand meaning in any other way but as actors's knowledge. Therefore, phenomenological sociologists are forced to describe the actor's interpretations of meaning as transparent to the actor him/herself, even if they sometimes make heroic attempts to escape the limitations of the phenomenological conception. The limitation is apparent in Husserl's and Schutz's definition of meaning as a “reflective intentional act”, Garfinkel's use of the term “accounting” to refer to a signifying effect, and the way Berger and Luckmann describe their social theory as “sociology of knowledge”. Today, similar confusions are present in Michael Polanyi's “tacit knowledge”and in Giddens' structuration theory.     

A Plea for Poetry

This is an affirmation of the relevance of poetry in the nuclear age by a leading Soviet poet. Tikhonov also directs some critical comments at the literary efforts of some younger contemporaries. ["The Great Truth of Poetry," Voprosy Literatury, 1960, No. 5—abridged.]     

Folklore Research in the USSR

This article reports on die study of folklore as a source of national culture and of formal art. Appearing in a journal issued by the USSR Academy of Sciences, it indicates the studies currently in progress and some organizational features of Soviet folklore research. ("Urgent Problems of Folklore Research," Vestnik Akademii Nauk, 1960, No. 7, 1960—slightly abridged.)     

贾岛为僧及还俗时间地点考

贾岛出家及还俗的时间地点问题是贾岛生平仕历研究的一个重要问题。通过对现有史料记载以及贾岛等人诗文的考证分析,可知贾岛贞元九年(793)在北岳恒山出家为僧,时年15岁。后曾住洛阳石楼及嵩山一带。贞元十七年(801)在石楼与韩愈初次相识。元和六年(811)春在洛阳又遇到时任河南县令的韩愈,同年秋跟随韩愈赴长安准备应进士举,但并未马上还俗。冬十一月返回家乡范阳,处理僧俗事务。至迟于次年即元和七年(812)春还俗并参加进士考试,时年34岁。     

Activities of Soviet Psychologists

These announcements suggest the kinds of studies which Soviet psychologists are engaged in. They appeared in the leading Soviet psychology journal, Voprosy Psikhologii, 1960, No. 1 ("In the Psychology Society") and 1960, No. 3 ("An Industrial Psychology Laboratory in the A. A. Zhdanov Leningrad State University").     

杜赞奇中国民族主义研究的学理背景分析

杜赞奇对近代中国民族主义问题的研究有着深刻的学理背景：首先他的研究体现了对民族主义运动和全球化交相辉映的现实关怀;其次,他的研究受到近代以来,特别是20世纪国际学术界兴起的民族主义理论研究的影响;再次,后现代、后殖民主义思潮的兴起则为杜赞奇的研究提供了直接的思想资源。此外,杜赞奇的研究也是美国中国研究界对中国民族主义问题关注的体现和成果的继承,他的研究也是美国中国学界自20世纪60年代开始的反思浪潮的体现和结晶。     

Abstract Humanism and Socialist Humanism

This article, taken from a leading Soviet literary journal, elaborates the concept of "social humanism" as applied to literature. It is also concerned with a frequently discussed question in Soviet literary criticism — the nature of the hero in Soviet and other modern literature. The authors are researchers at the Gorky Institute of World Literature. Voprosy Literatury (Problems of Literature), 1960, No. 12 — slightly abridged.     

In This Issue

Norbert Wiener of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the leading U.S. scholar in cybernetics, attended the First Congress of the International Federation on Automatic Control and Regulation held in Moscow in the summer of 1960. He was invited to visit the editorial offices of the major Soviet philosophy journal for a discussion with its editors. The following is a stenographic report of this discussion. Professor Wiener's remarks are retranslated from the Russian. ("Norbert Wiener Visits the Editorial Offices of Our Journal," Voprosy Filosofii, 1960, No. 9.)     

Publisher's Announcement

Norbert Wiener of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the leading U.S. scholar in cybernetics, attended the First Congress of the International Federation on Automatic Control and Regulation held in Moscow in the summer of 1960. He was invited to visit the editorial offices of the major Soviet philosophy journal for a discussion with its editors. The following is a stenographic report of this discussion. Professor Wiener's remarks are retranslated from the Russian. ("Norbert Wiener Visits the EditorialOffices of Our Journal," Voprosy Filosofii, 1960, No. 9.)