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1.
InMenida scotti aduts which mate during hibernation, we examined the effect of photoperiod on diapause induction in terms of the developmental
degree of reproductive organs and corpora allata. In a hibernating population, mating season and physiological changes related
to dipause were investigated. When newly emerged adults were reared under long- or short-day conditions, reservoir of the
ectodermal accessory gland and corpora allata in males developed, while the developments of ovary and corpora allata in females
were suppressed under both conditions. This suggests that diapause of this species is induced only in females independently
photoperiodic conditions during adult stage. In a hibernating population, mating was observed from early to late November
and from late March to early May. Observations of the development of reproductive organs and corpora allata suggest that diapause
is induced only in females in the former period, while both sexes are not in diapause in the latter period. 相似文献
2.
Akio Takafuji 《Researches on Population Ecology》1986,28(1):91-101
Summary Two types of the citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (M.) occur in some pear orchards in the intermediate latitudal areas in Japan during a certain period of the year (Takafuji andMorimoto, 1983): one is a diapausing type (DP) and the other a non-diapausing type (C). These two types are incompatible: no adult females are produced from the crosses between them (Takafuji andFujimoto, 1985). In the present study, females of each type were doubly crossed, first with a male of the other type, and then with
a male of the same type, to examine the effectiveness of the second mating. In the females of the DP type, the second mating
with a male of the same type was almost totally ineffective. In contrast, for the females of the C type the effectiveness
of the second mating depended on the durations of the first and second matings: the famles produced female offspring only
when the duration of the first copulation with a male of the DP type was brief and the second copulation with a male of the
C type lasted relatively long. The results suggested that if the two types coexist, the intercrossing between them will favour
the C type over the DP type. 相似文献
3.
Summary Lifetime mating success of males in a natural population of the papilionid butterfly,Atrophaneura alcinous, was investigated and causes of the variation were examined. The most successful males mated with 5 females, whereas about
73% of the males failed to mate. Body size of males was not correlated with their eclosion date, longevity and lifetime mating
success. There was no trade-off between mating success and longevity, and long-lived males had a disproportionately high mating
success. Although number of available females per male per day was not variable among males with different longevities, long-lived
males had higher mating efficiency. Time interval between matings by non-virgin males was shorter than that from eclosion
to the first mating. High lifetime mating success of long-lived males was strongly related to their mating experience, not
to their ageper se. 相似文献
4.
Kenji Fujisaki 《Researches on Population Ecology》1981,23(2):262-279
Summary The mating system of the winter cherry bug,Acanthocoris sordidus, was analyzed precisely. As a result, it was found that male adults of this species establish a small territory for mating
on the stem of host plant which harbors females. These males abandoned their territories soon after the disappearance of monopolized
females. Thus it was confirned that the cue for the territorial establishment of males is the presence of females per se on
the host plant. Moreover, most aggregations of adults observed on the host plant contained only a single male. This one-male
unit in the mating was named a harem. Harem holding males were usually big in body-size and had a high chance of copulations.
The defence behaviors of harem holding males, the mating disparity among males, and the oviposition habit of females in relation
to the mating system, were observed. The results obtained were discussed in relation to the sexual selection theories. 相似文献
5.
Takayoshi Nishida 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(2):211-224
Summary The mating system of the coreid bug,Colpula lativentris, was studied, and compared with those in other hemipteran bugs. Copulating pairs formed a compact aggregation on a shoot
of the Japanese knotweed,Polygonum cuspidatum, and there continued copulation and feeding for more than one day. This aggregation was defined as “a shoot aggregation”.
Other than this aggregation composed of copulating pairs, there were loose aggregations on the ground composed of males and
females not in copula. This loose aggregation was defined as “a ground aggregation”. Males searched for receptive females
mostly in a ground aggregation.
Sex ratio was constant and variance of sex ratio was also very small in any shoot aggregations and in large ground aggregations.
However, in small ground aggregations, sex ratio was strongly male biased and variance of sex ratio was fairly large. This
was because receptive females tended to leave a small ground aggregation and join a large one. These results suggest that
a male can attain higher mating success in a larger ground aggregation. 相似文献
6.
Yutaka Sait 《Researches on Population Ecology》1987,29(1):57-71
Summary Experimental observations on the arrenotokous reproductive patterns of two spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae), the
long-seta form ofSchizotetranychus celarius (Banks) andTetranychus urticae
Koch, revealed that reproduction of unfertilized females of the former is very differnt from that of the latter. Unfertilized
females ofS. celarius, which has a subsocial life, laid a few eggs and then became inactive. In contrast, the fecundity of unfertilizedT. urticae females was only slightly reduced as compared with fertilized females. Mother-son matings may thus sometimes occur in naturalS. celarius populations.
A two-year field survey revealed that, in the absence of males, overwintering females ofS. celarius occasionally remain unfertilized until early spring. Furthermore, nest foundation observed in late spring indicated that
most of the season's first nests were founded by single females. These two sets of observations strongly suggest that motherson
mating takes places in nature, corresponding to the reproductive trait seen in the experiment.
Mother-son mating inevitably increases the relatedness between nest members. The estimated father's relatedness to its offspring
is extraordinarily high under such condition. The possibility that kin-selection in the long seta-form ofS. celarius led to subsociality, especially paternal care, is suggested.
This study was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid No. 61540468 from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan. 相似文献
7.
Reproductive behaviors related to habitat utilization were studied in males of the damsefly,Mnais nawai, which has two male forms, territorial orange-winged males (nawai) and non-territorial pale-orange-winged males (sahoi), at the upper part of a mountain stream where they partiallycoexist with a related species,Mnais pruinosa, which also has two male forms, territorial orange-winged males (esakii) and non-territorial hyaline-winged males (strigata). These two species showed parapatric distribution; the lower part of the stream was occupied byM. nawai, and the upper part byM. pruinosa. In the present study, cross-matings occurred between bothMnais species, although normal intraspecific matings occurred more frequently than cross-matings. Territorial males of both species copulated
with conspecific females that entered their territory and guarded the ovipositing females, probably to avoid sperm displacement
resulting from subsequent copulations. Severe competition for oviposition sites by territorial males even occurred between
the two species. On the other hand, non-territorial males of both species have alternative mating strategies (including several
tactics such as sneaking, takeover and interception). The possible benefits from conflict among territorial males of both
species is discussed. 相似文献
8.
Takayoshi Nishida 《Researches on Population Ecology》1993,35(1):45-56
Summary Spatial relationships of mate acquisition probability for individuals of both sexes of a gregariously-mating coreid bug,Colpula lativentris, were studied in relation to aggregation size. Operational sex ratio was always strongly male biased. Mate acquisition probability
of females was rather constant and independent of aggregation size, as predicted by an ideal free distribution. Moreover laboratory
experiments showed that both multiple mating and rearing density little affected female fecundity, suggesting ideal free distribution
of females in terms of reproductive success. On the other hand, mate acquisition probability of males was higher in larger
aggregations, where more receptive females were available. This male discrepancy from an ideal free distribution was similar
to the patterns predicted by an ideal free distribution under perceptual constraints (Abrahams, 1986), but not by that under
unequal competitive ability. 相似文献
9.
Kenji Fujisaki 《Researches on Population Ecology》1992,34(1):173-183
Summary A male fitness advantage to wing reduction was investigated for the oriental chinch bug,Cavelerius saccharivorus, which is wing dimorphic. Field surveys for the frequency of matings between wing morphs showed that the mating probability
was much higher in brachypterous males than in macropterous males in the early breeding season. Brachypterous males copulated
with not only brachypterous females but also macropterous females in this season. This led to a considerable rate (30%) of
insemination of macropterous females just before emigration even in the early breeding season. A rearing experiment for the
pre-reproductive period of females revealed that females mated with brachypterous males copulated and oviposited earlier than
females mated with macropterous males. These results indicate that there is a fitness advantage to wing reduction in the males
ofC. saccharivorus in terms of the earlier sexual maturation. 相似文献
10.
Yasuyuki Ishibashi Takashi Saitoh Syuiti Abe Michihiro C. Yoshida 《Researches on Population Ecology》1998,40(1):51-59
Kinship amongClethrionomys rufocanus was investigated during the winter of 1992/93 in a 3-ha enclosure using both molecular and catch-mark-release techniques.
Forty-six adult voles (22 males and 24 females) having high heterozygosities, which were collected from several natural populations,
were released into the enclosure on 29 September 1992. Most fall-born individuals of both sexes stayed in their natal site
during the non-breeding period (December–March), although reproductively active females dispersed during the fall breeding
season (October–November). These philopatric individuals aggregated and formed an maternal family in the winter. Several females
which failed to reproduce were solitary during this season. Some individuals which were derived from several families also
aggregated into a mixed lineage group. Survival rate of fall-born voles from earlier litters was higher than that from later
ones. Maternal families broke up soon after the onset of spring reproduction. Most females established a territory near the
wintering site and made a kincluster, in which close relatives neighbored each other. Maternal families in winter bring about
female kin-clusters in spring, which may influence reproductive output in the breeding season. 相似文献
11.
Tamito Sakurai 《Researches on Population Ecology》1998,40(1):167-172
This study examines the relationship between the number of sperm in the seminal receptacle (spermatheca) and the receptivity
of female remating in the bean bugRiptortus clavatus Thunberg. On the 21 st day after the first mating when receptivity to remating was > 70%, females receptive to remating had
significantly fewer sperm ( < 40 on average) in the spermathecae than females reluctant to do (about 150 on average). However,
averages of the number of eggs laid by receptive and reluctant females within 21 days were almost same. The proportion of
fertilized eggs for receptive females at 15–21 days after copulation was significantly lower than that for reluctant females.
Spermatozoa transferred from a male to a female’s spermatheca were detected 5 min after copulation and then increased continuously
to about 500 with the first hour. When copulation durations were manipulated artificially, the shorter the copulation period
(=females had less sperm in their spermathecae), the higher the remating rate became. Females may perceive the number of sperm
in their seminal receptacles and then determine whether they copulate or not. These results support the hypothesis that females
mate multiply in order to replenish inadequate sperm supplies to fertilize all eggs produced. 相似文献
12.
Koh-ichi Takakura 《Researches on Population Ecology》1999,41(3):269-273
Mating behavior and the male's contribution to female fecundity were studied in the bean weevil Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in comparison with two other species, Callosobruchus chinensis (which infests stored beans) and Kytorhinus sharpianus (which feeds on wild legumes). Only females of B. dorsalis showed multiple mating and characteristic precopulatory behavior that appeared to solicit the male's nutritious secretion.
In contrast, all females of the other two species did not copulate multiply and did not show such precopulatory behavior.
In B. dorsalis, the decrement of male body weight just after copulation indicated that seminal fluid weighing as much as approximately 7%
of the male's body weight was transferred to the female. Fecundity was more than eight times higher in females that had copulated
ten times than in females that had copulated only once, indicating that males paid most of the nutritional cost of egg production.
These facts suggest that the sex role is reversed in B. dorsalis.
Received: May 22, 1998 / Accepted: July 19, 1999 相似文献
13.
Koukichi Nagasaka 《Researches on Population Ecology》1992,34(1):1-14
Summary I compared the differences in the movement intensity of three species of sympatricAthalia sawflies,A. japonica, A. rosae andA. infumata feeding on cruciferous plants. Mark-release-recapture census was conducted to estimate movement distance, sex ratio and age
composition of adult sawflies. In addition, the sex ratio of newlyemerged adults was examined by rearing field-collected larvae
until adult emergence. Age composition and longevity of adults were estimated experimentally. The movement intensity was evaluated
mostly with the indirect information thus obtained.
Females moved more actively than males in all three sawflies.A. japonica females of all age classes moved actively in spring and autumn, but in summer they disappeared. Also,A. rosae females of all age classes moved actively in spring and autumn. In summer, in contrast withA. japonica, A. rosae females moved most actively among the three species in all seasons.A. infumata females, in particular the young females, moved most actively among the three species, exceptA rosae in summer.
The movement patterns of the three sawflies were deduced in relation to the spatio-temporal distributions of their habitats.
In spring and autumn, when host plants were abundant,A. japonica andA. rosae females were dispersed among the host patches within the census are. In summer, however, when host plants were scarce,A. japonica entered diapause, whereasA. rosae migrated to neighboring areas. On the other hand,A. infumata, in particular young famale, innately dispersed to seek for temporary host plants throughout the census seasons. 相似文献
14.
Yutaka Sait 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):263-278
Summary The mating system of a subsocial spider mite,Schizotetranychus miscanthi Saitō, which is closely related toSchizotetranychus longus Saitō (the long seta form ofSchizotetranychus celarius (Banks) is a synonym of the latter) was studied in comparison with that ofS. longus.
Comparisons between nesting patterns of the two related species,S. miscanthi andS. longus revealed a difference in distribution of males among nests. Although more than one male sometimes occurred in the large nests
ofS. miscanthi, most nests were occupied only by a single male. On the other hand, many nests ofS. longus included several males.
Behavioral experiments revealed that the male and females ofS. miscanthi which cohabited in a nest defended their offspring from phytoseiid predators. Observations and a census of the nesting pattern
in a wild population indicate that this is the second example of biparental defense and of a subsocial life-pattern in spider
mites.
Differences in mating systems were experimentally demonstrated in the two species. Only a single male ofS. miscanthi survived in a nest, as a result of highly aggressive male-male combat, while two males ofS. longus cohabited in a nest. The mating system of the former species is thus considered as harem polygyny, while that of the latter
as scramble type polygyny. Furthermore, observations by video recording and scanning electron microscopy showed that the winning
male in the male-male combat inS. miscanthi often preyed on the loser, suggesting cannibalism among them. 相似文献
15.
J. P. Spradbery R. S. Tozer J. M. Robb P. Cassells 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(2):353-366
Summary The feasibility of the sterile insect release method (SIRM) was tested against natural populations of the Old World screw-worm
fly,Chrysomya bezziana in the Musa Valley, Papua New Guinea. Sterile mating frequencies were determined from egg masses laid by native females on
wounded, sentinel cattle. The aerial release of sterilised puparia resulted in low frequencies of sterile matings and few
trap recaptures of released material. The release of chilled adult flies resulted in higher frequencies of sterile matings
and many trap recaptures. The mean density of males released was 230 males per km2 per week over a target area of 361 km2 (48% of the valley). Sterile masses were first detected 2 weeks after the release of chill flies commenced, reaching a weekly
peak of 33% after 5 weeks of releases with 15% of egg masses found to be sterile during the final month. The levels of sterile
matings achieved in this trial were similar to comparable SIRM studies made in the USA, Mexico and Guatemala to control the
New World screw-worm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. 相似文献
16.
Hugh J. Barclay 《Researches on Population Ecology》1984,26(2):303-311
Summary Several models are presented which examine pest population behaviour with the release of female sex pheromones for the attraction
and annihilation of males. These models include male polygamy and female monogamy, various mating frequencies, delayed mating
of females, immigration of one or all individual types, and differential survivorship of males and females.
In all the models there are two steady states, a stable s.s. at the origin and an unstable s.s. in the positive domain for
a given value of pheromone release rate. In all the models, control relies on the reduced ability of males to fertilize virgin
females following trapping and male annihilation. As such, control is very sensitive to mating frequency, being very difficult
when males mate frequently. Control is also very difficult with the immigration of even a moderate number of fertilized females.
Control is much easier when mating is delayed, especially if survivorship is low, or with density dependent population regulation. 相似文献
17.
Ei'ichi Shibata 《Researches on Population Ecology》1986,28(2):253-266
Summary Adult populations of the sugi bark borer,Semanotus japonicus
Lacordaire, which attacks the trunks of Japanese cedar and cypress, were studied in two cedar stands in 1981 and 1984, using a band-trapping
method developed by the author.
Adults began to emerge and fly earlier in 1981 than in 1984 because of the higher temperature after hibernation in 1981. Population
size wasestimated by a markrelease-recapture method. The daily survival rate ranged from 0.86 to 0.92 and the mean longevity
from 7.0 to 11.9 days. Females were fewer than males throughout the season, especially early in the flight period, because
males consistently emerged earlier. The mean distances traversed among the cedar trees were 9.2 m for males and 16.3 m for
females; maximum dispersal was 79.5 m for males, 149.5 m for females. There are two different patterns in their dispersal
movement: the small-scale movement which consists of walking at cool temperatures and large-scale flight at warm temperatures.
Adults of this species are somewhat sluggish and between-tree movement is infrequent. This lack of movement resulted in a
contagious distribution pattern of adults. 相似文献
18.
We studied seasonal changes in the larval population structure, adult size, and autogeny (egg production without a bloodmeal)
of the mosquitoAedes togoi on the seacoast of northern Kyushu, Japan. The effects of temperature, photoperiod and food conditions on larval development,
adult size and autogeny were studied in the laboratory.Aedes togoi overwintered in both the egg and larval stages and was multivoltine. Adult size was greater in spring and autumn and smaller
in summer. Autogeny occurred in spring and autumn but not in summer. Autogenous females were larger than anautogenous females,
and larger autogenous females produced more eggs. Laboratory experiments showed that autogeny was promoted under low temperature
and short-day conditions which corresponded with spring/autumn conditions in the field. Experimental food limitation in the
larval stage greatly reduced adult size and autogenous egg production. In the field, large inter-pool variations in adult
size and autogeny rate probably resulted from variations in nutrient and crowding conditions. Seasonal autogeny ofAedes togoi was discussed in terms of life-history strategy under fluctuating environmental conditions where relative advantages of autogenous
and anautogenous reproduction alternate seasonally. 相似文献
19.
Sh?ichi F. Sakagami Kazuo Hoshikawa Hiromi Fukuda 《Researches on Population Ecology》1984,26(2):363-378
Summary Overwintering of two social halictine bees,Lasioglossum duplex (Dalla Torre) andL. problematicum (Blüthgen), was studied. InL. duplex many females stay near the old nests, each female preparing a hibernaculum separated from the natal nest. InL. problematicum most females overwinter communally within the natal nest. This difference in overwintering habits relates to the social structure
in the next spring.L. duplex is nearly always solitary in spring although later becoming eusocial, whereas many nests ofL. problematicum are polygynous, beginning in early spring.L. duplex overwinters much deeper (
) in the soil than doesL. problematicum (
), but both species are safe from drops in soil temperature, which is above 0°C even in midwinter, and the bees' supercooling
points are lower than −6°C. This cold resistance and the storage of sufficient food in the crop are reflected in the winter
survival, which is much higher (79%) than the rate of successful nests in the spring active phase (25%).
Bionomics of the eusocial halictine beeLasioglossum duplex VII.
Contribution No. 2654 from the Inst. Low Temp. Sci. 相似文献
20.
Reproductive success, copulation success, and mating success were measured for a population of male dragonflies,Orthetrum japonicum. Copulation success explained the greatest variation in reproductive success. The proportion of copulations followed by oviposition
was positively correlated with the number of oviposited eggs per mating. Directional selection on four morphological characters
was estimated. The effect of selection on correlated traits was comparable to that of direct selection. Directional selection
varied between traits and between episodes in a single trait. The probability that the observed directional selection on the
four morphological traits was expected under the condition of the selective neutrality of traits was not smaller than 5%. 相似文献