社会工作应对农民工社会保障问题的功能运用

中国农民工社会保障问题日益突出,社会工作作为协助个人和社会解决问题,促进人的发展和社会的进步的一个专业,可以从更为独特的视角提出相应的对策,因而笔者试图运用社会工作专业的相关知识提出自己的看法与建议。     

An intervention strategy for improving social adaptation among female North Korean refugees

This study investigated the effect of TSL (Thank you, Sorry, Love) family therapy on social adaptation and health among female North Korean refugees in South Korean society. A quasi-experimental design was used to test the programme's effects as measured by changes in female North Korean refugees' scores on a test of social adaptation and in SDNN (Standard Deviation of heart rate Normal-to-Normals) scores. Results suggest that the programme intervention for the treatment group caused a significant increase in social adaptation, relative to a comparison group. Health improvements were also observed as changes in SDNN scores were significant.     

Rehabilitation Initiatives by Disability Self-help Groups: A Comparative Study

As part of its programme of activities for the triennium 1996-98, the ISSA proposed that a comparative country study be conducted on the social relevance of self-help groups and their integration into the rehabilitation process.A pilot study was conducted to assess the situation in five European countries at comparable stages of social development. Increasingly, since the Second World War, people with a chronic illness or a disability in these countries have joined together in self-help groups and organizations in order to overcome their condition together and work for better integration into society. The situation at present is that the self-help movement is no longer seen as an alternative to the regular social security system, as it used to be: instead, both the self-help groups and organizations and the institutions and facilities responsible for rehabilitation are seeking an increase in cooperation.     

How We Can Promote Behavior That Serves All of Us in the Future

The health and vitality of relationships, groups, and society at large is strongly challenged by social dilemmas or conflicts between short-term self-interest and long-term collective interest. Pollution, depletion of natural resources, and intergroup conflict can be characterized as examples of urgent social dilemmas. This article advances a conceptual framework in which we analyze social dilemmas in terms of social and temporal concerns relevant to the social (individual vs. collective) and temporal (short-term vs. long-term) conflicts underlying social dilemmas. We discuss the plasticity of social orientations (altruism, cooperation, egalitarianism, individualism, competition, aggression) and temporal orientations (short-term orientation, future orientation), and illustrate their "logical effects" and "paradoxical effects" on behavior that supports collectively desired outcomes. This analysis enables us to suggest a set of novel recommendations for policy and intervention to help solve various social dilemmas in contemporary society.     

Thinking about ageing issues

Advances in longevity and falling birth rates have a profound impact on our societies, in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Demographic ageing is causing considerable concern, if not alarm, in many circles. Yet the public debate about the future of social security is often lacking in accurate and objective information. It is easier to focus on the "burden" of ageing on society than attempt to better understand the complex, interrelated nature of the issues involved, especially the rising numbers of persons of working age who are inactive and contributing neither taxes nor social security contributions. Whether the mode of pension financing is public or private, retirement income of the non-active older population must be paid out of the economic gains of the younger working population. Social security policy is all about making plans now for future generations. This means more carefully defining the terms of the public debate, articulating more clearly the desired objectives and policies.     

和谐社会的建构与民间组织的功能——南通市民间组织发展现状实证调查

民间组织在构建和谐社会中的功能是当前理论界探讨的热点问题。本文以实证调查为客观依据,主要从社会学的视角,选取南通市慈善会、银行业协会、港闸区葡萄协会以及开发区实验幼儿园这四个典型个案予以探析。文中提出了民间组织能够为社会成员提供归属感,缓解社会冲突、实现社会整合,凝聚社会资本、实现资源的优化配置这三个核心观点,以期推动民间组织的发展与和谐社会的构建。     

Developing a compliance‐based approach to address error,evasion and fraud in social security systems

To support the improved administration of social security programmes, this article presents a preliminary compliance risk management (CRM) model for social security institutions to use as a tool to help address the operational challenges of error, evasion and fraud. Within the model, error, evasion and fraud are collectively referred to as issues of non‐compliance. The model's framework addresses non‐compliance in an integrated manner with regard to the main functions of contribution collection and benefit administration. The model aims to facilitate tackling these important issues by better permitting the identified challenges to be prioritized and, thereafter, addressed based on the assessed severity of their impacts and the cost‐effectiveness of the selected responses. Three generic types of intervention are recommended to tackle non‐compliance worldwide: prevention, detection and deterrence. The article's objective is to contribute to ongoing work to develop an encompassing CRM framework for all social security systems.     

改善社区公共服务,促进和谐社区建设

改善社区公共服务,丰富社区公共服务产品,是建设和谐社区的重要内容之一。政府公共管理职能的不清晰与社会管理的不完善是社区公共服务供需矛盾的根本原因。现代社会的发展,国家权力将逐步向社会组织转移,改善社区公共服务就要建立“党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与”的社会管理格局。建立有效的社区公共服务供给体系,要求政府更加注重履行社会管理和公共服务的职能,科学地整合社会管理资源。因而,政府不断创新公共服务体制,改进公共服务方式,将促进社区公共服务的改善和和谐社区的建设。     

深圳社会工作模式生成的制度同构理论分析

深圳社会工作的发展可以说是＂三新＂：一个全新的专业服务,在一个全新的工作地点,聘用一批全新的工作队伍。在这样的环境下,深圳市在很短的时间里就建立起了社会工作服务体系。学者在总结深圳社工模式的成功之处时认为：深圳社工服务模式,是政府制定政策方向、提供财政及实务支持、建立执行架构、监管及改善机制;成立社工协会为行业发展服务,面向全国招聘专业社会工作人才,向民间社工组织购买社工服务;聘用香港资深社工为深圳社工督导,提供督导及培训工作。这也就是说,深圳模式最突出的特点是制度对现实的建构。但是制度又是如何建构现实的？笔者运用社会学制度主义中的制度同构理论对这一问题进行阐释。     

生产“社会”,还是社会的自我生产?——以一个NGO的扶贫困境为例

兼具社会改造理想与实践的社会组织,会在其具体的社会行动中与既有的社会－政治结构产生何种碰撞,其结果如何,是理解公益组织社会行动的关键问题。本文从“生产社会”的议题出发,通过对一个社会公益组织的结构特征及其扶贫实践的研究发现,一个具有明确理念与行动目标,以及与之相应的严格制度建设与纪律要求的公益组织,会在具体的实践过程中遭遇到与其目标相反的种种困境。生产社会的目标可能会在组织实践中落空,而该组织甚至会逐渐成为地方社会得以再生产的空间。由此,本文试图回应公益社会实践研究中的重要观点,即实践走向“生产社会”,并希望引发对行动实践效果的反思与关注。     

Survey on Perceptions of Social Fairness and Their Implications for Social Governance Innovation*

At the present stage, social fairness or equity is an important area of governance in China, and increasing the level of fairness is an important theme of work. In 2016, the Chinese government laid down specific arrangements and operations relating to equity in education, social security, market competition, etc. The participatory governance model entails testing policy outcomes in relation to the sense of fairness of the mass of the people. Our survey found that perceptions of fairness are higher among middle- and high-income groups and are lower in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. In social security, however, perceptions of fairness and of improvements in the level of fairness are lower than they are for education and market competition. Overall, specific policies relating to fairness in education have been quite effective in enhancing people's perceptions of fairness. Accordingly, if we are to make effective improvements in the fairness of social governance, we need a more rational distribution system that takes into account public opinion and expands the scope of fairness in social security.     

Halfway There? Policy,Politics and Outcomes in Community Care

The community care reforms which followed the 1989 White Paper "Caring for People"were apparently focused on addressing the needs of people requiring long-term care, and on achieving improved outcomes and better quality of life.
The agenda set out by the White Paper was for community care in the next decade and beyond. Half way through this decade, we question the extent to which the objectives of promoting choice and independence for users and carers have been achieved. The paper draws particularly on a programme of monitoring conducted jointly by the Nuffield Institute for Health and the King's Fund, based on national and local focus groups meeting over a two-year period. It proposes a framework for evaluation which consists of four components: the definition of desired outcomes; specification of service systems necessary to deliver such outcomes; promotion of access to services; and the development of supporting operational policies and resource allocation mechanisms.
This framework offers a substantial step beyond much of the monitoring of the community care reforms which has taken place to date. This has assessed progress largely in terms of the establishment of new systems and processes. We conclude that such changes were essential building blocks for delivering better-quality community care services, and in the short term it may have been legitimate to view their establishment as proxies for progress towards delivering user-centred services. However, monitoring and evaluation should now be increasingly oriented towards ensuring that these changes are in fact producing the desired service outputs and urn outcomes. We propose that our framework offers one such way forward.     

Outcome evaluation in host organizations: a research agenda

The organizational context in which social work is practiced is viewed as an important factor in evaluating the outcomes of social work interventions. In host organizations, the context includes forces outside the department. The author offers a framework for developing a research agenda aimed at assessing the effectiveness of social work interventions in those organizations. The author demonstrates such an agenda with reference to hospital social work. Different types of outcomes and the relationships between them are considered at both the correlational and causal levels of knowledge. Examples of research assessing these outcomes are presented, and the implications of various types of findings are considered.     

我国社会慈善事业发展对策的思考

慈善事业作为我国社会保障体系的有机组成部分,是促进社会全面发展、构建社会主义和谐社会的一个战略选择。当前我国慈善事业发展中存在的问题主要表现在全社会尚未形成浓厚的慈善意识、慈善组织建设不够规范、组织自身能力建设不强、缺乏有效的管理与社会监督机制以及相关的法律法规不够健全。其相应的对策应是弘扬慈善文化、促进社会成员的普遍参与、加强慈善组织自身能力建设、完善社会激励机制以及健全政策法规制度。     

Preventive therapy and resilience promotion: an evaluation of social work led skills development group work

Concerns have been expressed for some time about a decline in emphasis on therapeutic work in social work, notably articulated in the Munro Review. Further concerns have been expressed in child care that social workers have increasingly had to focus on child protection work rather than earlier stages of prevention. However, there remain opportunities for social workers through the development of new programmes. One development has been that of Behaviour and Education Support Teams: multi‐professional teams, containing as a key element social workers, and encouraging novel practices designed to help emotional stability and improved behaviour and education performance. This study reports on an evaluation of a social worker delivered school‐based social skills programme, which can contribute to the important area of resilience. This showed significant and sustained improvements in pro‐social behaviour and friendships. The implications of this for the therapeutic potential and professional role of social work are discussed.     

The role of mutuals and community-based insurance in social health protection systems: International experience on delegated functions

The institutional architecture for the provision of social health protection varies across countries, as do the actors and organizations involved. In some countries, mutual benefit societies and community-based health insurance organizations (CBHI) play a role in this area. In the 1990s, these were promoted particularly as a means of extending social security coverage, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In the current context, the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, as well as renewed political will to realize universal coverage, has led to a questioning of the role of mutuals/CBHI. However, the literature on the roles they play in national social security systems remains limited. For this scoping review, 49 documents were analysed, covering 18 countries worldwide, focused on the delegation of functions to mutuals/CBHI in national social health protection systems. The results reveal the dynamics of the delegation of functions within social protection systems over time and their implementation processes. These provide areas for reflection that can inform policy processes.     

The Insecure Social Protection of Migrant Workers From the Maghreb

Is it possible to speak of just and equitable social protection for the active populations of poor countries which suffer from development problems and are dominated by an international order in which only the law of the strongest prevails, especially when those populations emigrate to seek work in order to live or merely to survive? Universal standards that are supposed to ensure some measure of international coordination of national legislation and practice in social security between developed countries and the so-called developing countries suffer from this somewhat original form of inequality. The adaptation of such standards at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels only reflects the discrimination and selfish interests of States and of the rich and powerful, and indeed of broad sectors of their civil society who reject others simply because of their different culture and traditions. The debate is more involved than at first it may seem. By accepting others as being like oneself one can imagine a better world in which, when people move freely - including migrant workers and their families - they enjoy effective protection through social security. A study of the situation of Maghreb migrants employed and residing in western Europe and the Gulf States has much to teach us in this respect, especially in determining whether any form of solidarity is plausible or achievable in some not too distant future.     

和谐社会视角下的农村社会保障制度建设构想

农村社会保障制度作为国家社会保障的重要组成部分,直接影响到农村社会稳定与经济发展,并影响到和谐社会的建设。有效建立起农村社会保障制度既是农民增收的需要,又是落实科学发展观的客观要求。应逐步实现城乡社会保障一体化,建立起农村最低生活保障制度,建立起由农民个人、集体、国家共同负担、共尽责任的多主体、多元化的农村社会保障基金筹集机制,完善农村社会保障管理体制,强化对农村社会保障工作的监督机制,确立农村社会保障制度的法律地位。     

民间组织与现代民族国家之构建——1901-1949年中国工商行业性组织功能探析

在现代民族国家建设中,将从前在国家法律规范之外的会馆、公所、同业公会等民间组织纳入了国家控制的目标,并以辅助官治的名义获得了合法性,在近代中国地方社会治理中发挥了重要作用。然而,这些民间组织并非西方民族国家构建经验中的市民社会,而是中国现代国家构建的产物,与其西方的对应物发挥的功能大相径庭。近代中国精英组织网络在地方社会治理中发挥的功能,必须放在中国向现代民族国家转型的宏观视野下考察。在国家基础结构能力薄弱的背景下,国家采取了利用民间组织渗透和嵌入社会,以弥补国家基础性权力不足的策略。由此,国家实现了将合法性基础扩展到社会精英阶层、增强国家渗透能力、平衡社会动员和政治控制、增进国家绩效合理性、提高国家整合程度等目标。但这种利用民间组织构建国家主权的策略,却有着以下缺陷:政策执行效力不稳固;国家渗透能力和支持基础仅限于精英阶层;妨碍了公民权的形成;降低了民间组织的动员能力。最终,这种国家构建策略在新中国建立后被彻底改造旧的社会组织的策略所取代。     

社会资本与社区治理：城市社区中的制度、组织与价值

社会资本和社区、社区治理具有内在的关联性,城市社区面临的很多问题都与社会资本的缺失或下降有关,集中体现在社区空间、社区组织和社区文化层面上的社区社会资本。因此,城市社区社会资本要培育作为制度空间的社区公民社会、作为组织资源的社区民间组织、作为价值机制的信任、规范、互惠等社区公民文化,发挥居民、社区各社会组织、政府行政组织以及社区文化价值的功能,从而实现社区治理的共治、善治和长治。