和谐管理理论:起源、启示与前景

管理工程学报于2001年刊发了“和谐管理理论基础:和谐的诠释”一文,十余年过去了,围绕和谐管理理论的研究蓬勃发展.本文旨在通过探讨其起源、启示与前景来增进对该理论的理解,并促进中、西方管理理论知识的融合.研究指出,和谐管理理论以探究常态化的非线性组织发展过程为主线,形成了解决组织与管理问题的新框架.它以系统剖析内耗与考察“人的因素”为基础,认识到主流组织研究的均衡假定并不现实,组织通常处于混沌边缘状态,该状态既是内耗的产物,又是“人的因素”在内耗中作用突显的根源.该理论的支柱一提供了解决管理问题的基本框架,主题导向下和则与谐则进行耦合的机制把西方分析观与中国整体观的结合落到实处;支柱二则基于和谐等概念来解释组织发展的生成机制,尝试整合西方现有组织理论的目的论、辩证与演化观点.最后探测了该理论未来的前景,深化围绕两支柱的研究将使其理论内核更趋完善,而应用该理论的研究将有助于扩展其边界.     

和谐管理理论的研究框架及主要研究工作

基于和谐管理理论的基本概念和假设,提出了和谐管理的基本函数关系、研究框架及相应的实证研究假设.组织、环境和领导特征的分析是和谐管理研究的起点,和谐主题的辨识、围绕和谐主题的和则、谐则及其耦合是和谐管理研究的重点.对和谐主题辨识,和则、谐则的理论和实证分析,和谐管理的耦合模型等研究工作进行了介绍,并对下一步面向应用方法和技术的研究进行了展望.     

和谐管理理论的数理表述及主要科学问题

力图从基本假定到命题,对和谐管理理论给出一个量化分析框架,并对进一步的发展方向作出预示和展望.首先,通过总结已有的研究工作,界定了和谐这一基本的概念;然后,从企业家对和谐主题的搜索入手,根据企业战略实施的阶段性工作中面临的问题和任务,提炼并给出了辨析和谐主题的方法;最后,通过分析和则、谐则、和谐主题及其与组织、环境、领导和战略之间的一致性关系和动力学机制,得到了和谐管理理论发展和应用需要解决的几个基本问题.     

中国情境下的创业研究:回顾与展望

本研究基于现有国内、外研究成果,分析中国情境的独特性及其要素,包括中国情境的内涵,中国情境所具有的制度环境、市场环境和文化环境特征,梳理目前有关中国情境下创业研究所关注的问题,提炼出现有研究主要集中于创业战略研究、关系网络研究和合法性研究等方面。在深入探讨中国情境下创业问题的独特性及引发这种独特性背后的原因的基础上,本研究发现正是由于中国情境要素所带来的一系列独特现象才产生了相应创业研究问题的独特性,从而提炼出中国情境-独特现象-创业研究问题的解释模型。在此模型的基础上,本研究构建了基于中国情境的创业研究框架体系,将创业机会、创业资源和创业学习纳入到中国情境下的创业研究中,并提出未来需要重点关注的问题。     

基于SMA信息抽取的主题诊断研究

从和谐主题的提出与研究现状入手，在建立策略性管理活动描述文本集合并从中抽取管理任务信息和管理问题信息的基础上，为了实现对管理领域中事实主题的识别与评价，本研究综合分析了从文本表示、雏数约减到聚类分析以及数据概化的思想及其方法技术，并通过引入W正态分布检验，完成了对所研究问题的解决方案设计。实证分析结果验证了本方法对于解决组织管理中事实主题诊断问题的有效性和可行性。     

从不确定性看管理研究逻辑及和谐管理理论的启示

在复杂多变的环境下,组织管理面临着因果链无法追踪、整体性割裂和快速应变三大挑战。从组织管理应对不确定性的视角出发,结合对组织管理应对挑战的传统方法的解读,提出和谐管理应对不确定性的思路：以愿景和使命来应对组织目标的不确定性,同时降低因果链无法追踪的影响;以“和则”和“谐则”作为应对不确定性的2种互动机理,在保证效率的同时提高应变能力;以和谐主题和和谐耦合机制来应对组织运行中的不确定性并提升整体性。最后,基于这一思想,提出未来的管理研究应注重愿景和使命的导引作用,和谐主题的合目的性整合作用,以及理性设计的有效实施与诱导演化主动应对互动耦合的支撑作用,特别是日益复杂多变环境下的组织领导人及其团队的作用。     

和谐管理理论评析

管理学在中国的发展轨迹为“生理学-病理学-诊断学”,和谐管理理论的诞生和发展是其中的代表。作为-种学说,和谐管理理论经历了泰罗式的“走出经验”、西蒙式的“走出最优”、哈耶克式的“走出建构”,走向新型管理诊断学。这-理论的切入点,经历了“计划-战略-定向”,具有范式性贡献;其研究内容,经历了“控制-协调-和谐”,形成对不确定性的消解。但尚有值得进-步思考的问题,包括排除人性假设是研究策略还是学科逻辑问题、和则与谐则耦合的“-手硬-手软”问题、问题导向与原理导向的关系问题、理性建构和知识演化的认识论问题。     

高层管理团队的企业合法性行动网络与组织学习能力关系研究

在将制度压力下企业合法性问题与高层管理团队及其网络行为加以衔接的基础上,关注高层管理团队的企业合法性行动网络,并以此分析其与组织学习能力之间的关系。研究表明,高层管理团队的企业合法性行动网络同时包含了网络与合法性2个不同侧面,其表现形式可分为总体性网络、获得合法性网络、维持合法性网络、修复合法性网络以及重叠性网络5种不同类型。然后,分别从网络侧面及总体性网络类型、合法性侧面及其余4种网络类型两大角度,剖析了高层管理团队的企业合法性行动网络与组织学习能力之间存在的关系,并构建了相应的理论分析框架。     

向谁同构?中国跨国企业海外子公司对制度双元的响应

本文通过对4个同时具备技术研发和市场开拓功能的海外子公司的多案例研究,揭示了后发跨国企业的海外子公司在制度双元的情境下如何响应集团总部与东道国的冲突。研究基于制度理论框架提出了整体模型,并识别了空降式、管道式、浮板式和滩头堡式4种海外子公司同构模式,说明了同构焦点具有连续性的特征,拓展了同构焦点的假设和适用范围。研究同时探究了同构焦点的影响因素,发现内、外部合法性的优先性作为组织对制度压力的感知直接影响同构焦点的选择,而同构焦点则映射了内、外部合法性的结构关系,这一关系在后发跨国企业情境下具有独特性。研究还发现,海外子公司的技术研发和市场开拓的战略特征与合法性的获取优先性有关。本文利用后发跨国企业的情境贡献于制度理论。     

复杂多变环境下和谐管理理论与企业战略分析框架

针对当前环境复杂多变的特征,运用和谐管理理论阐述了战略分析的基本思路.在和谐管理理论看来,战略是企业在某个时期内相对稳定、具有全局影响的发展主题与和谐机制共同作用的结果,环境、组织与领导者构成了发展主题的决定因素,而和谐机制由和则、谐则共同构成,通过不确定性消减与优化两条路径及其交互作用,保证主题有效实现与不断调整.当环境、组织与领导者中某些因素发生重大变化时,将引起主题漂移,企业根据新的发展主题,选择建立新的和谐机制.     

和谐管理理论的实践性模型

和谐管理理论经过近20年的发展,其理论框架日臻完善。基于前人的研究成果,对和谐管理理论进行深入分析和思索,结合企业管理实践,提出和谐管理理论的实践性模型,包括和谐管理理论的总体实践性模型、和谐主题的辨识模型、环境和组织的关键问题检索清单、和谐主题形成过程模型、和谐主题或和谐状态的漂移模型以及双规则运用模型,为企业进行和谐管理实践提供帮助。     

Trojan Horses or Local Allies: Host-country National Managers in Developing Market Subsidiaries

We investigate a multinational corporation's (MNC) decision to appoint host-country national (HCN) managers to foreign subsidiaries based on the institutional context of and familiarity with the host country. HCN managers are commonly associated with specialized knowledge, superior responsiveness, and higher legitimacy. Yet, we argue that local familiarity of HCNs can also be perceived as risky or harmful by MNC parents. We analyze how formal and informal institutions affect the trade-off between positive effects and potential costs associated with HCN managers (“Local allies” vs. “Trojan horses”). We find that legal institutions protect foreign MNCs from potential costs, encourage the use of HCNs and reinforce their benefits. Corruption and corruption distance, however, increase perceived costs associated with HCN managers up to a point at which they outweigh their perceived benefits.     

复杂快变环境下的整体性应变工具:和谐主题

和谐主题是和谐管理理论中用于应对现代组织管理复杂性、整体性及快速应变需求的核心概念之一。围绕复杂快变环境下组织如何进行整体性快速应变这一管理难题,对现有和谐主题相关研究进行了拓展。具体而言,首先对和谐主题的本质属性进行了深入分析,得出和谐主题在本质上体现为组织领导者对不确定情境的"意义"主张的研究结论。在此基础上,通过与其他组织要素的比较,系统阐释了和谐主题的功能特征,提出和谐主题是复杂快变环境下组织进行整体性快速应变的一种有效工具。最后,以知识理论为基础对和谐主题的辨识与表征过程进行了考察,从而从知识学视角揭示了这2个过程的内在机理。一方面从理论上丰富了战略管理领域的相关研究,另一方面也为新经济环境下的组织管理实践提供了参考与借鉴。     

Approximate event detection over multi-modal sensing data

Composite event detection is one of the fundamental tasks for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Multi-modal data generated by heterogeneous sensors bring new challenges for composite event monitoring in heterogeneous WSNs. By exploiting the correlations between different types of data, the approximate composite event detection problem is investigated in this paper. The optimal transmitting scheme problem is proposed to calculate the optimal transmitting scheme with minimum cost on the constraint that the confidence of the composite event must exceed the threshold. The optimal transmitting scheme problem is proved to belong to NP-complete. A dynamic programming based algorithm is presented for simple linear confidence combination operators, which runs in pseudo-polynomial time. The greedy based approximate algorithm is also designed for general confidence combination operators and the approximate ratio is proved to be 2 for “+” as the confidence combination operator. The simulation results show that our algorithms can reduce energy consumption significantly.     

VALIDATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS- WITH APPLICATIONS TO AUDITING AND ACCOUNTING EXPERT SYSTEMS*

This paper proposes a set of definitions for the concepts “validation” and “assessment” applied to expert systems (ESs). It develops a framework for this validation and demonstrates the framework on existing accounting and auditing ESs to elicit some of the research issues involved in ES validation. Validation is critical to the design and implementation of decision-making ESs. In a setting where objectivity is sought and variance is avoided, validation ascertains what a system knows, knows incorrectly, or does not know. Validation ascertains the system's level of expertise and investigates the theoretical basis on which the system is based. It evaluates the reliability of decisions made by the system. The validation framework developed in this paper is research methods. It is designed to reflect the unique aspects of ESs (in contrast to other types of computer programs) and can be used by ES developers as a basis from which to perform validation and by researchers as a framework to elicit research issues in validation.     

Designing Distribution Systems to Support Vendor Strategies in Supply Chain Management*

The interactions among a firm's distribution strategy, market share, and distribution costs are an important consideration in the design of supply chain networks. However, these interactions are largely ignored by existing distribution system design methodologies, which assume demand is constant regardless of the firm's distribution strategy. This paper describes a multidisciplinary framework that considers these interactions in the design of “profit maximizing” distribution networks. The framework employs two major decision support methodologies: (1) binary logit models for estimating market share considering various demand-influencing parameters such as product price and distribution service, and (2) a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model for finding optimal distribution network designs. We applied the framework to an actual design problem facing a national distributor of industrial chemical products. The test results verify the framework's large-scale capability and the potential benefit of the integrated solution methodology.     

Organizational interventions: A research-based framework for the evaluation of both process and effects

Abstract

Organizational interventions are often recommended when organizations want to improve employee psychological health and well-being. Research, however, has revealed inconsistent results and reviewers have called for research on why interventions either bring about desired change or fail to do so. Answering the “how” and “why” of intervention outcomes requires a close examination of the elements that hinder or facilitate desired outcomes, thus moving beyond evaluation of only the overall effects. In this paper, we present an evaluation framework based on recent intervention research and process-oriented organization theory. The framework offers suggestions for which elements to include when evaluating organizational interventions. Within the framework, elements crucial to intervention evaluation are grouped into four overarching categories that we argue are crucial to evaluation over the five phases of an intervention programme. These categories are: the organizational “actors”; the mental models of those actors; the context of the intervention; and intervention design and process. Evaluation during the process as well as of the overall effects, as recommended by this framework, should throw light on what works for whom, why, how and under which circumstances.     

基于自组织系统的企业和谐主题演化分析

组织和谐管理系统的构建,核心在于对组织和谐主题的认识。组织和谐主题是随组织内外部环境变化而不断演化的,根源在于不同情境下组织自适应体的认知差异,这是组织和谐主题演化的根本动因。在不同认知状态下的组织自适应体可以采取有效的行动来调整组织内部及组织与环境间的关系,实现组织和谐主题的演化,达成组织与环境动态适应的目标。和谐主题的演化就是组织自适应体不断进行自组织以达到和谐状态的过程。     

On the computational complexity of bridgecard

Bridgecard is a classical trick-taking game utilizing a standard 52-card deck, in which four players in two competing partnerships attempt to “win” each round, i.e. trick. Existing theories and analysis have already attempted to show correlations between system designs and other technical issues with parts of the game, specifically the “Bidding” phase, but this paper will be the first to attempt to initiate a theoretical study on this game by formulating it into an optimization problem. This paper will provide both an analysis of the computational complexity of the problem, and propose exact, as well as, approximation algorithms.