网络环境下企业技术创新风险系统分析与评价

随着Internet/Intranet的快速发展,目前有愈来愈多的企业置身于网络环境下.网络给其带来了前所未有的机遇,但也给企业技术创新带来了新的风险,且其风险来源非常复杂.本文从系统论的观点出发,分析了网络环境下企业技术创新风险的特点,提出了风险复杂系统的概念,探讨了网络环境下企业技术创新风险系统的结构.然后以此为基础,提出了一种网络环境下企业技术创新风险系统的识别方法,即基于网络的"来源-因素-过程"分析法,最后提出了一种多阶段多层次模糊综合风险评价法.     

基于价值流分析的提高通信网络业务可用性的方法

本文提出了通信网络业务可用性的概念.运用价值流分析法,对通信网络的运行维护流程进行了分解,分析了跨企业流程中存在的"浪费"现象,提出了改善措施并得到验证.     

企业信息化下的财务监控问题研究

以计算机网络应用为特征的企业信息化是企业发展的必然趋势,如何在信息化条件下做好财务监控工作,已成为各信息化企业目前一个严峻而迫切的任务。本文首先分析了企业信息化对财务监控的影响,接着从构建适时财务监控机制和建立基于价值流的财务监控系统两个方面提出了完善信息化企业财务监控的对策。     

电力设计企业外包工程潜在的风险和对策

电力设计企业在生产任务重、工期紧、人力不足时,将工程部分项目通过招标形式委托给相关单位来完成,为此带来了不少问题.本文对这些问题可能会给电力设计企业带来的风险进行分析,并提出规避或降低设计企业风险的应对措施.     

基于价值流图析技术的研发项目绩效评价研究

精益方式的基本原则是通过对价值流的分析以更好地为顾客创造价值.为此,首先分析了研发项目价值和价值流的特点,针对项目研发过程以信息流动为主的特点,提出从价值的角度采用"已完成工作的价值"(VWP)作为衡量项目绩效的指标.然后,以某研发项目为例,在价值流图析(VSM/A)技术的基础上,计算了该项目各月VWP及累积VWP.最后,将其与挣值管理(EVMS)法得到的挣值(BCWP)进行比较.分析表明,基于VSM/A技术的VWP指标能够更好地反映研发项目的进展状况,弥补了EVMS应用于研发项目中的不足.     

新形势下会计电算化系统的内部控制

企业内部控制制度是衡量现代企业管理水平的重要标志,会计电算化的发展和在企业的广泛应用给企业带来方便、快捷的同时,也使内部会计控制方式、内容、重点发生了变化,给企业内部控制带来了极大的影响,使企业内部会计控制面临着一系列新的问题。本文主要分析、研究电算化下会计系统内部控制的新问题,并以此为基础探讨加强电算化会计系统内部控制的建设问题,以确保企业实行电算化后的会计系统能正常、安全、有效运行,从而保证企业更好发展。     

试论如何在企业战略目标中运用KPI考核体系——基于使用逻辑渐进法

基于使用逻辑渐进法确定企业战略目标的过程伴随着信息采集、数据整理、系统论证、阶段目标设计等多个方面的不确定性,这给企业的绩效考核带来了不稳定的评价困难和依从战略目标随时调整的开放性要求,本文通过对两个系统(逻辑渐进法确定的企业战略目标体系和KPI考核体系)的特点分析,初步探索两个系统的兼容办法.     

浅析我国企业劳动关系现状及发展趋势

健康、理性的劳动关系,会给劳动者、企业乃至整个社会带来巨大的收益.文章在劳动关系基本概念的基础上,分析了我国企业劳动关系的现状,并结合我国企业加入WTO后的特点分析了我国企业劳动关系的发展趋势.     

PDM系统在发电机产品设计中的应用

本文阐述了PDM的基本理念和涵盖的范围,分析了PDM项目实施前企业的背景和状况,并基于此对PDM项目的愿景和目的进行了描述.以常规产品设计为例,叙述了PDM设计模块的实施过程以及该项目实施后的成果,以实例证明PDM系统给企业数据管理带来的优势.     

白领阶层压力管理

目前,白领面临压力过大,不仅给白领带来生理心理疾病,而且影响了其工作效率,给企业带来了巨大的损失.因此,对白领的压力管理显得十分必要.本文从3个方面分析产生压力的原因,并提出相应的对策和建议.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.