以色列犹太人内部的边缘族群:东方犹太人

现代以色列是一个移民国家,众多来源地的犹太人因文化背景的不同和社会地位的差异形成泾渭分明的两大族群:阿什肯纳兹人和东方犹太人。东方犹太人是犹太复国主义运动的被动参与者,建国初他们在巩固领土安全的民族目标下被政府安置在地处边疆的发展城镇中,由此造成其在犹太人内部被边缘化的处境。社会生活中的受挫感和在下层劳动力市场与阿拉伯人的就业竞争是东方犹太人反阿拉伯意识强烈的主要原因。他们高举宗教的旗帜,在族群认同的基础上进行政治动员,试图以扩大政治权利分享的途径提高和改善不利的社会处境和地位。     

列宁的“两个民族”的论点对分析东方文化史的意义

列宁的“每一种文化中都有两种文化”及“每一个现代民族中都有两个民族”的著名论点,是他在民族和民族文化问题上提出的方法学方面最有价值的一个意见。对这个论点他在《关于民族问题的批评意见》一文中进行了这样的阐述:“每一个现代民族中,都有两个民族。每一种民族文化中,都有两种民族文化。有普利什凯维奇、古契柯夫和司徒卢威之流的大俄罗斯文化,但是也有以车尔尼雪夫斯基和普列汉诺夫为代表的大俄罗斯文化。乌克兰也有这样两种文化,正如德国、法国、英国和犹太人有这样两种文化一样。”     

美国犹太人的作派

在关于犹太人民族集团的讨论中,我强调过与其说是犹太人的一般文化因素或物质基础加强了民族的团结,不如说是宗教方面的作用更为贴切。人们只要查阅一下有关犹太人社会问题的著述,对宗教仪式的重要性就会留下印象。宗教和民族集团的关系并不仅限于犹太人。关于世界本质的基本假定     

犹太人变迁史

根据以色列的法律,凡是母亲属于犹太血统者都算作犹太人。纽伦堡的纳粹种族主义法令更把凡是祖父辈有两个犹太人的全都当作犹太人。无论是受害者还是刽子手,对于犹太人属于《圣经》中的一个支派的后裔,起源于闪族这一点,全都深信不疑。仰凭着对本民族天主忠贞不渝的信仰的支持,犹太人在历史上作为一个单一的纯种的民族,从古代繁衍至今,保留着它独特的鲜明特色。七十五岁的专栏作家和小说家,已加入英国国籍的匈牙利犹太人阿瑟·科斯勒,在她最近的著作《第十三支派:卡扎尔王国及其遗传》中,全盘否定了这一论点(意大利科姆尼塔出版社将于最近出版这本书)。她认为,当今世界上的绝大部分犹太人均系卡扎尔人的后裔,是一个起源于土耳其的草原民族,于公元八世纪时集体皈依犹太教,后来逐渐迁徙到东欧各国。直到现在,那里一直是世界上最集中的犹太人居住区。《全景杂志》提前发表科斯勒这部著作中一部分最有意义的看法,这些观点已经在英国、美国和以色列引起了激烈的争论。     

论近代欧洲犹太人的解放与犹太社会的转型——以法德为中心的考察

近代欧洲犹太人解放运动促使犹太人重新审视自己的民族身份及犹太教在现代国家中的地位,瓦解了传统犹太社会结构。解放的前提是,犹太人首先将自己看成国家的公民,然后才是宗教社团的成员,并在政治、经济、文化、宗教等诸方面服从于正在兴起的民族国家的需要。犹太人的改革运动、科学运动在解放影响下应运而生,注重凸显犹太教普世价值,弱化甚至消除其中反映民族孤立主义和特殊主义的因素,在神学、教义、律法等方面展开全面变革,努力缓解犹太人、犹太教与现代社会的紧张关系。从现代犹太史进程来看,解放造成了一个具有明显世俗特征的、多元化的犹太社会的出现,促进了欧洲犹太人从传统社会向现代社会的转型。但同时解放也带来不可忽视的消极后果,因传统和犹太民族性遭到削弱,许多犹太人在解放后陷入身份困惑之中。     

勃罗姆列伊的民族分类及其关联的问题

勃罗姆列伊的民族分类及其关联的问题潘蛟前苏联科学院院士、民族学研究所所长勃罗姆列伊曾在其１９７３年出版的《民族与民族学》一书中，总结提炼了斯大林以后苏联民族理论研究取得的成就，规范了民族理论研究中使用的概念和术语，深化了人们对于纷繁复杂、变化不定的民...     

世界民族百年风云录

２０世纪即将过去，回顾这１００年来的世界民族问题大事件，是十分有意义的。２０世纪是一个人类文明大发展的世纪，也是一个多灾多难的世纪。本世纪的民族问题也与这两个特点紧密相联，许多重大民族问题是跨世纪的、甚至是几个世纪前的历史遗留，它们常常与国际关系、国家状态、基本人权、大国争霸与国家主权等等问题错综复杂地纠缠在一起，其影响是国际性的、历史性的。认真地回顾和思考它们，才能使人类在２１世纪更加和谐纳粹德国对犹太人的种族灭绝在欧洲，中世纪以来即有反闪米特人（犹太人）的传统。１９世纪中叶，种族主义思想理论…     

跨国民族研究范式转换的动力机制

在国际政治、经济发展新格局中,跨国民族及跨国民族问题从边缘向前沿的转变,推动研究范式的转换与创新.现代民族国家的形成发展、跨国民族形成的复杂性、国家利益的驱动、跨国民族问题的尖锐化以及既有研究范式与现实需要之间的差距,从内、外两个方面,共同构成了促使跨国民族研究范式转换的动力机制.     

发挥智力优势 为民族地区四化服务

中国实现四个现代化过程中,要缩小以至消灭两个差距,一个是同科技上先进国家的差距;一个是国内各民族间、内地和边疆间经济文化的差距。如果忽视了后一个差距的存在,这个差距会越来越大,就会拖四个现代化的后腿。要真正解决中国现代化问题,就要帮助少数民族地区发展经济文化。帮助少数民族,实现各民族事实上的平等,才能真正做到“共同繁荣”。帮助少数民族发展起来,重要的是要帮助他们提高文化,所以我们应当“智力支边”。民革、民盟、民进、农工、九三学社等民主党派,都是由有政治觉悟的知识分子组成     

勃罗姆列伊的探索——关于“民族体”与“民族社会机体”

一、问题的提出 举世公认,近三十年来,苏联在民族理论研究方面取得了长足的进展。其中最引人注目的成就就是提出并发展了一套этнос理论体系。在这方面,首先要提到Ю·В·勃罗姆列伊院士的功绩,对этнос理论作了最系统论述的,正是他的几部专著。直到60年代以     

西藏三大经济区差异和协调发展的实证分析

文章利用Theil熵和变异系数两个经济指标,通过实证分析,得出西藏中部经济区和东西部经济区经济发展差异越来越大。文章认为主要是区域政策、区域经济结构、区域自然条件及市场规模等差异导致了三大经济区差异,最后按照科学发展观的要求提出了努力促进三大经济区协调发展的路径选择。     

基于经济联系强度和区域断裂点的拉萨-日喀则城市互动发展分析

拉萨和日喀则分别是西藏第一和第二大的城市,在西藏经济发展中具有重要地位。利用经济联系强度和区域影响断裂点两个分析工具对近年来拉萨、日喀则的经济数据进行分析可知,拉萨-日喀则两市之间的经济联系强度以平均每年20%左右的速率增加,而两市之间的断裂点出现在距拉萨191.27km～217.75km附近。因此,加快西藏自治区的城市化建设,应注重保持和加强拉萨-日喀则两市的经济联系强度,以及重点扶持断裂点附近县市经济发展。     

青海省居民收人差距的测度与回归预测

本文通过对青海省城乡居民收入状况的分析,对青海城乡居民的收入差距进行了基尼系数的测度,并对青海居民收入差距发展趋势进行了回归预测。     

少数民族新创文字与语言生态

每一种语言有其特殊的生态环境及存在的意义.少数民族新创文字对于原来没有文字的民族语言来说是历史的进步.树立科学的语言生态观,有助于培育人们对少数民族新创文字的认同情感、认同心理,缩小人们对少数民族新创文字的心理距离.少数民族新创文字的积极推广和使用,可以有效地促进其民族语言生态乃至全世界整个语言生态的和谐发展.而双语教育教学是提高少数民族新创文字活力、维护语言生态的重要举措之一.     

中国民族间发展的多重差异格局与差别化、协同性政策开发研究——论中国民族关系的新形态与民族政策的新体系

After 60 years of implementation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic political support for promoting the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups. Especially since the period of “Reform and Open-ing Up” began, the national preferential policies and support for ethnic minority areas gradually in-creased, and economic and social development in the ethnic minority areas clearly speeded up. Ac-cording to official statistics, after more than 30 years of “Reform and Opening Up”, the economic growth rate of China’s ethnic minority areas is high-er than the national average. However, at the same time , the economic and social development gap be-tween different ethnic groups has become more and more pronounced. The development of the ethnic groups has created a structure of multiple dispari-ties, which fundamentally restricts ethnic unity, as well as political and social stability in ethnic areas of China. This structure of multiple disparities re-flects the imbalances mainly in four aspects: 1 ) the ongoing large gap between the ethnic minority areas and Han Chinese regions remains; 2 ) the unequal economic and social development among the various ethnic minority people has expanded;3 ) the economic gap within the same ethnic minor-ity autonomous region has gradually become more pronounced;and, 4 ) the differences in develop-ment within the same ethnic group who live in vari-ous regions of China are also very obvious. The multiple inequalities of the economic and social development of China’s ethnic groups add more complexity to the ethnic problems of China. The disparity in economic and social development between different ethnic groups is not only an eco-nomic problem, but is also a significant political issue. Hence, promoting a balanced economic and social development among the various ethnic groups has a very obvious practical significance for main-taining ethnic unity, promoting national integra-tion, and maintaining national stability . Based on the discussion above, this article mainly explores which kind of ethnic policy can ef-fectively resolve the multiple disparities found with-in ethnic development and is beneficial for promo-ting the integration of the various ethnic groups in China? On the basis of summarizing and reviewing approaches found in earlier research, the author puts forward the following core ideas:1 ) The economic and social development differences of various ethnic groups have formed a pattern of multiple disparities in China, and it is no longer simply a gap between the Han and ethnic minorities. Since the implementation of the “Re-form and Opening Up” policy, the differentiation or disparity between China’s ethnic minorities has become more and more pronounced—this phenom-enon constitutes a new challenge to China’s ethnic unity and national unification. Therefore, we must adjust ethnic policy in order to solve the “true problem” or “new problem” concerning China’s ethnic problem. 2 ) The multi-faceted disparities found in the economic and social development among China’s ethnic minorities result from many factors, inclu-ding institutional, policy, historical, geographical, cultural, and psychological. Therefore, we must realize a diversity of ethnic policy, and build a comprehensive ethnic policy system. 3 ) For the purpose of realizing the integration and state construction of the ethnic groups, in ad-dition to implementing the current policy of differ-entiation, we must also ensure a “four balanced and coordinated development”. This includes a balance between the Han areas and ethnic minority areas, a balance among the various ethnic minori-ties themselves, a balance within the same ethnic minority areas, and a balance within the same eth-nic group who live in different areas. This requires the central government to strengthen a double dif-ferentiation and collaborative orientation of ethnic policies concerning the market, labor, resources, technology, and capital.     

中国家族企业的发展优势及代理权问题的探讨

对家族企业的家族治理结构及其代理权问题学界存在着许多的认识误区,有必要对其进行理论研究确证。作者认为中国家族企业具有巨大的潜在发展优势,家族企业的家族治理与现代企业制度并无本质的区别,是治理企业的手段而不是目的。家族成员代理与非家族成员代理无显著差异,甚至家族成员代理的效率与效果在一定程度上优于非家族成员的代理。     

Institutionalising a cross-sectional policy area? Ministerial competences for migrant integration in EU member states

Migrant integration is a cross-sectional policy issue and its governance involves a network of actors operating on different regional and government levels. Its emergence as a distinct policy area in many European democracies has reinvigorated the role of state actors, particularly at the national level. National governments face a growing need to coordinate formerly disparate domestic integration measures, yet they are also encouraged by increasing activities and resources that have evolved at the EU level. From an institutional perspective, this spread of both norms and resources is likely to result in the emergence of new governmental actors assigned with these tasks. Yet, little scholarly attention has so far been dedicated to the comparison of ministerial competences for migrant integration across Europe and their relation to integration policies. The paper addresses this gap in a comparative study, presenting data on the ministerial competences in 27 EU member states and Switzerland between 2010 and 2014 and linking them to data on migrant integration policies using the MIPEX dataset. The findings show no general European trend towards top-level institutionalisation and instead reveal substantial differences between Western and Eastern European democracies associated with the respective patterns of integration policies.     

论科学发展观与民族地区经济社会发展

民族地区是中国经济社会发展相对滞后的地区.建国以后,尤其是改革开放以来,通过国家的大力支持和各民族的努力,民族地区的经济发展取得了令人瞩目的成就.但是,随着市场经济体制改革的进一步深化,西部民族地区与东部地区的发展差距越来越大,促使我们反思传统发展观对民族地区经济社会发展的影响.而科学发展观的提出和确立,为民族地区打破传统发展观的束缚提供了理论指导.当然,更重要的是要在西部开发中落实和贯彻科学发展观,实现民族地区经济社会的全面、协调、可持续发展.     

Wealth Inequality in Black and White: Cultural and Structural Sources of the Racial Wealth Gap

Using data from the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, this research examines competing and complementary cultural and structural explanations of the sources of racial differences in wealth. We use OLS regression and quantile regression to identify the major individual-level sources of wealth differences between African Americans and whites. Whites have more favorable wealth characteristics than do African Americans on all of the variables in the analysis: gender of household head, bankruptcies, spending patterns, stock ownership, business ownership, home ownership, inheritance, educational attainment, income, occupation, age, and number of children. Cultural factors, having a female-headed family, spending patterns, and inheritance account for little of the racial wealth gap. Racial differences in income, stock ownership, and business ownership account for much of the explained racial wealth gap. Moreover, compared with whites, African Americans receive significantly lower wealth returns to education, age, income, stock ownership, and business ownership. We discuss the implications of our findings.     

浅议西部大开发中的民族问题

民族问题在西部大开发中具有重要的位置,正确处理和解决开发进程的民族关系问题是缩小地区间经济发展的差距,彻底解决少数民族问题,最终实现各民族的共同繁荣的重要措施。