政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合的关系研究

当前学术界对于影响供应链整合的因素、这些因素如何影响到供应链整合的研究相对匮乏。本研究则以广东省珠三角地区251家制造业为调查对象,构建了政府支持、信任与供应链外部整合之间关系的理论模型,以结构方程为工具,对政府支持、客户信任、供应商信任、客户整合、供应商整合之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,政府支持对客户信任、供应商信任均有显著的正向影响;政府支持对客户整合、供应商整合也均有显著的影响;信任对供应链外部整合具有显著的正向影响;此外,政府支持会以信任为中介,间接地对供应链外部整合产生影响,本研究弥补了我国情境下制度与信任因素对供应链整合影响相关研究的空缺,研究结果对我国制造业进行高效供应链整合具有一定的启发意义。     

供应商协同知识创新的定价策略研究

为了提高供应链协同知识创新的可行性,从知识创新对供应链存在和发展的重要性出发,首先研究了供应链中知识创新的涵义,指出协同知识创新是其特点,接着根据供应商参与的不同程度,构建了供应商协同知识创新的四个层次:承诺供应价格、提供信息、设计反馈和合作研发.在此基础上,指出协同知识创新的第一层次,承诺供应价格有着积极意义.然后,基于制造商和供应商一对一的供应链模型,提出供应商定价策略的经济决策的前提条件,在供应商承诺价格和不承诺供应价格两种情形下,分别构造了制造商与供应商的获利函数,并通过对获利函数的求解,得出供应商承诺供应价格的经济决策条件,即承诺供应价格时所获得的利润要大于不承诺供应价格时所获得的利润.     

战略性转移定价承诺策略与下游创新之间的交互影响研究

以一个按照MTO模式运作,并且面临交货期-价格敏感性需求的“供应商-制造商”供应链为研究对象,对该供应链中上游供应商的战略性转移定价承诺与下游制造商创新之间的交互作用,以及这种交互作用对最优的交货期设定、转移定价决策,以及渠道内各合作伙伴的行为取向所产生的影响进行了初步探讨.通过分析发现,战略性转移定价承诺与下游创新之间的交互作用不会影响到最优的承诺交货期设定,但是,供应商实行完全地转移定价承诺策略将会激励制造商进行更多的投资创新活动.最后通过赋值分析对前文的理论研究进行了证实/伪.     

基于Supply-Hub运作模式的供应商协同补货策略研究

Supply-Hub作为整合管理不同供应商零件库存的供应链节点,同时也承担了供应物流协同运作管理平台的功能.本文考虑加工-装配系统中存在的因一种零件缺货而造成其它配套使用的零件滞存的问题.研究了一种基于Supply-Hub运作模式,在供应商之间可以共享补货及库存信息的条件下,供应商协同补货策略,并与供应商分散补货模式下的基本补货模型进行比较分析.通过算例验证了该补货策略能有效降低供应链系统成本以及供应商成本.     

算计性承诺与忠诚性承诺的互动——作为关系长度与机会主义行为的中介

本文考察了供应商的算计性承诺与忠诚性承诺之间的互动关系,以及关系长度、供应商的态度性承诺与制造商机会主义行为三者之间的因果关系.研究结果表明:(1)供应商的算计性承诺与忠诚性承诺之间表现为相互替代的关系;(2)随着供应商与制造商间交易关系长度的增加,供应商的算计性承诺与忠诚性承诺也将增加;(3)供应商的算计性承诺增加制造商的机会主义行为,而忠诚性承诺则能降低制造商的机会主义行为.本文研究结论对于嵌入交易关系中的供应商深刻理解关系长度如何通过供应商的算计性承诺与忠诚性承诺之间的互动关系,影响制造商的机会主义行为具有非常重要的理论意义,并为处于长期交易关系中的供应商通过其态度性承诺来减少所遭受的机会主义行为侵害提供了有益的理论指导.     

关系情境、供应商承诺与合作效应的实证研究

基于249家供应商的样本数据,运用结构方程模型对供应链双方的关系情境、供应商承诺与合作效应之间的关系进行实证研究,发现供应商承诺意愿促进其承诺行动,关系情境中的环境动态性、供应商信任和供应商依赖等因素对供应商承诺意愿及承诺行动分别有不同的影响,供应商承诺意愿和承诺行动可以促进双方合作程度和供应商运营获益,双方合作程度的加深能增大供应商运营获益.     

考虑供应风险和生产成本不确定性的供应链动态决策研究

考虑到供应风险和生产成本的不确定性,本文研究了买方或卖方实施努力既可能改善供应可靠性,同时又可能降低生产成本的供应链最优决策问题。分别构建了制造商努力和供应商努力的两阶段动态决策模型。分析了提升供应可靠性和降低成本的概率对两种模型中的最优采购数量、最优努力程度和上下游期望收益以及供应链期望收益的影响。同时在两种模型的比较中发现,制造商的最优努力与供应商的最优努力之间的差异与收益分享系数有关。相同努力效果下,制造商努力时的最优采购数量总是不小于供应商努力时的最优采购数量。相比供应商努力,制造商努力更有利于增加其自身的期望收益。然而,供应商以及整个供应链的期望收益却可能在供应商努力时更高。     

考虑技术溢出效应的制造商投资升级供应商技术研究北大核心

随着经济全球化和市场竞争的加剧,企业会联合上游企业,构建一条技术关系紧密的供应链.为保证供应链的稳定以及改进自身产品的质量,许多大型企业会通过直接投资升级供应商的生产设备或生产技术来改进产品质量或降低产品成本.当制造商直接投资升级供应商技术时,可能存在技术溢出效应,给其他横向竞争的制造商也带来好处.本文通过Stackelberg模型和完全且完美信息动态博弈研究制造商投资升级供应商技术的策略,以及潜在竞争者进入市场与制造商升级供应商技术之间的相互影响.研究表明:(1)如果制造商直接投资升级供应商技术,不论是否存在技术溢出效应,当产品单位生产成本较小时,都可以阻碍外部企业进入市场.(2)如果存在技术溢出效应,投资升级供应商技术会增加有横向竞争关系的其他企业的利润;如果不存在技术溢出效应,现有制造商直接投资升级供应商技术,会降低横向竞争的其他制造商企业的利润,甚至使得其他企业均衡产量降为零,阻碍潜在的竞争者进入市场.     

供需不确定下基于MOI和VMI模式的供应链协同比较研究

为分析供应链运作机制对降低随机供应商产出和随机需求的影响,对比研究了两供应商-单制造商系统在MOI和VMI两种模式下的供应链协同模型。MOI模式下,制造商管理并持有库存,提出了供应风险共享的协同机制;VMI模式下,供应商管理并持有库存,提出了收益共享与额外惩罚的协同机制。分析了集中决策、MOI和VMI模式下的最优批量决策,证明了VMI模式下存在唯一的纳什均衡。研究还发现,VMI模式更容易协调供应链,有效降低供需不确定的影响。MOI模式下的供应链可实现帕累托改进,但不能实现协调;而当参数满足一定关系时,VMI模式下供应链的期望利润可达到集中决策。     

供应链上的后向整合外包与协调策略分析

制造业企业在设计与构造供应链时所面临的一个核心问题是如何对纵向整合度进行权衡,通过一个单期、单制造商和单供应商的两级供应链模型研究这一问题.制造商生产最终产品所需的零部件被分为两类,核心零部件与非核心零部件.对于非核心零部件制造商既可以选择自制从而提高纵向整合度.也可以选择外包给上游供应商.首先给出了制造商的最优整合外包策略,然后分析了整合外包策略对上、下游企业及供应链整体绩效带来的影响,最后讨论了几种基于整合外包方式的供应链改进与协调策略.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

Modeling Pathology Workload and Complexity to Manage Risks and Improve Patient Quality and Safety

Anatomic pathology (AP) laboratories provide critical diagnostic information that help determine patient treatments and outcomes, but the risks of AP operations and their impact on patient safety and quality of care remain poorly recognized and undermanaged. Hospital-based laboratories face an operational and risk management challenge because clinical work of unknown quantity and complexity arrives with little advance notice, which results in fluctuations in workload that can push operations beyond planned capacity, leading to diagnostic delays and potential errors. Modeling the dynamics of workload and complexity in AP offers the opportunity to better use available information to manage risks. We developed a stock-and-flow model of a typical AP laboratory operation and identified key exogenous inputs that drive AP work. To test the model, we generated training and validations data sets by combining data from the electronic medical records and laboratory information systems over multiple years. We demonstrate the implementation of 10-day AP work forecast generated on a daily basis, and show its performance in comparison with actual work. Although the model somewhat underpredicts work as currently implemented, it provides a framework for prospective management of resources to ensure quality during workload surges. Although full implementation requires additional model development, we show that AP workload largely depends on few and accessible clinical inputs. Recognizing that level loading of work in a hospital is not practical, predictive modeling of work can empower laboratories to triage, schedule, or mobilize resources more effectively and better manage risks that reduce the quality or timeliness of diagnostic information.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.